History of Depression as a Risk Factor for Alzheimerʼs Disease

Speck, Carl E.; Kukull, Walter A.; Brenner, Daniel E.; Bowen, James D.; McCormick, Wayne C.; Teri, Linda; Pfanschmidt, Meredith L.; Thompson, Jill D.; Larson, Eric B.

doi:10.1097/00001648-199507000-00006

Cited by 205 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A number of studies have found an association of LLMD with an increased risk of clinically diagnosed AD (Kral and Emery, 1989;Jorm et al, 1991;Kokmen et al, 1991;Alexopoulos et al, 1993;van Duijn et al, 1994;Speck et al, 1995;Devanand et al, 1996;Green et al, 2003). Though autopsy confirmation is seen as the 'gold standard' for AD diagnosis, in most clinical research settings a clinical diagnosis of AD is an excellent proxy, with autopsy confirmation rates generally reported between 85 and 100% (Becker et al, 1994;Gearing et al, 1995;Lopez et al, 2000a, b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathologic Correlates of Late-Onset Major Depression

Sweet

Hamilton

Butters

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Late life major depression (LLMD) is frequently associated with cognitive impairment, and increases the risk for subsequent dementia. Cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) have all been hypothesized to contribute to this increased risk, though prospective studies have yet to examine these hypotheses with autopsy confirmation of the clinical diagnoses. The aim of this study is to examine the rates of cerebrovascular, AD, and DLB pathology among the first 10 participants in an LLMD brain tissue donation program. Subjects' psychiatric diagnoses and cognitive status were prospectively determined during their participation in clinical research protocols of the Intervention Research Center for Late Life Mood Disorders. After death, final clinical diagnoses were made using all clinical information, while blind to neuropathologic diagnoses. Neuropathologic assessments were conducted blind to final clinical diagnoses. Rates of neuropathology were compared with those in a cohort of subjects with dementia, without a history of LLMD, participating in an Alzheimer Disease Research Center. Seven (70%) subjects had evidence of onset of a dementia prior to death. LLMD with dementia was significantly associated with a neuropathologic diagnosis of AD. Cerebrovascular disease and DLB pathology were also frequent in the LLMD subjects with dementia, and were found in an LLMD subject without dementia. Rates of AD, DLB, and cerebrovascular disease were similar to those in the comparison subjects. These preliminary findings suggest that AD is the predominant neuropathologic condition in LLMD subjects with dementia. Further assessment of the role of comorbid cerebrovascular disease and comorbid DLB is needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathologic Correlates of Late-Onset Major Depression

Sweet

Hamilton

Butters

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…[2,[4][5][6][7][8] Depression is also associated with significantly worse outcomes in a number of medical conditions, and depression is an independent risk factor for early mortality (even after accounting for sociodemographic factors, suicide, and biological and behavioral risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol, and physical illness). [9][10][11][12][13] Various explanations for ''accelerated aging'' in depression have been proposed, such as the ''glucocorticoid cascade'' hypothesis [14,15] and ''allostatic load.''…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression gets old fast: do stress and depression accelerate cell aging?

et al. 2010

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“…MDD has been identified both as a risk factor and a prodrome of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinical and community samples (Reding et al, 1985;Kral and Emery, 1989;Kokmen et al, 1991;Jorm et al, 1991;Alexopoulos et al, 1993b;Speck et al, 1995;Devanand et al, 1996;Henderson et al, 1997;Steffens et al, 1997;Bassuk et al, 1998;Chen et al, 1999;Yaffe et al, 1999;Geerlings et al, 2000;Jorm, 2000;Lockwood et al, 2000;Visser et al, 2000;Jorm, 2001;Lockwood et al, 2002;Wilson et al, 2002;Green et al, 2003;Sweet et al, 2004;Cannon-Spoor et al, 2005;Gatz et al, 2006;Rapp et al, 2006;Steffens et al, 2006). Community based studies have identified clinical depression, including depressive symptoms as a risk factor for the subsequent development of dementia.…”

Section: Relationship Of Mdd To Admentioning

confidence: 99%