History of EISCAT – Part 4: On the German contribution to the early years of EISCAT

Abstract

Abstract. The decision of the Max Planck Society (MPG) to get involved in the establishment of an incoherent scatter radar in northern Europe was intimately linked to the future of the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy (MPAe) in Katlenburg-Lindau. Delegates of the MPG played an important role in defining the rules for participation in EISCAT during the period from 1973 to 1975. The "technical" period from 1976 to 1981 was mainly devoted to the development of the UHF transmitter and the klystrons. The latter encountered great difficulties, causing substantial delays. During the same period the ionospheric heating facility was established by MPAe at Ramfjordmoen, Norway. The period following the inauguration in August 1981 saw a great number of changes in the leading personnel. In this context much attention had to be given to taxation rules. Besides continuing hardware problems with the UHF radar, severe problems arose with design and manufacturing of the VHF klystrons, requiring changes of the contractor. However, by fall of 1983 the UHF radar was able to reach the intended operational level. In 1984 important steps were made for archiving and for proper exploitation of the EISCAT data.

History of the Tromsø ionosphere heating facility

“…The Max Planck Society, one of the major scientific research organizations in Germany, was already a partner in the planning of this radar and became one of the six associates in the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT). Two Max Planck institutes were involved: the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, in Garching, and the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy (MPAe), in Katlenburg-Lindau (now the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, in Göttingen) (Haerendel, 2016). Ian Axford, who had just been appointed as the new director of MPAe in 1974, strongly supported and influenced the development of EISCAT and suggested building an ionospheric heating facility.…”

History of the Tromsø Ionosphere Heating facility

“…The Max-Planck Society, one of the major scientific research organisations in Germany, was already a partner in the planning of this radar and became one of the six associates in the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT). Two Max Planck institutes were involved here, The Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching and the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy (MPAe) in Katlenburg-Lindau, now Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, in Göttingen (Haerendel, 2016). Ian Axford, who had just been appointed as a new director of MPAe in 1974, strongly supported and influenced the development of EISCAT and suggested building an ionospheric heating facility.…”

History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system during the first 2 decades

“…The initial planning and development of the association before the official inauguration in 1981 has already been described by five of the "founding fathers" of EISCAT (Hultqvist, 2011;Oksman, 2011;Holt, 2012;Bauer et al, 2013;Haerendel, 2016) from their respective national per-spectives. My story picks up where those contributions end.…”