History of Immunotherapy – from Coley Toxins to Checkpoints of the Immune Reaction

Řı́hová, Blanka; Šťastný, Martin

doi:10.14735/amko20154s8

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Cancer immunotherapy has progressed at a fast pace in the last years. Immunotherapy for cancer was first described by William B. Coley, who noted tumor shrinkage and disappearance following treatment with a bacterial toxin in the 1890s [ 10 , 11 ]. Since then, it has subsequently been developed into a novel method for treating cancer through boosting the immune system, rather than using chemotherapeutic agents to directly attack the cancer cells [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Checkpoint Markers and Tumor Microenvironment: What Do We Know?

Ephraim

Fraser

Nurgali

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Checkpoint Markers and Tumor Microenvironment: What Do We Know?

Ephraim

Fraser

Nurgali

et al. 2022

Cancers

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“…Cancer immunotherapy dates back to 1891, when William Coley, the father of immunotherapy, attempted to use the immune system to treat cancer after discovering that combinations of live and inactivated Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens were able to induce tumour regression in patients with sarcoma [ 6 , 7 ]. Since then, it has evolved into a novel and effective method of treating cancer by enhancing the immune system instead of directly targeting tumour cells with chemotherapeutics [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer Immunotherapy: The Checkpoint between Chronic Colitis and Colorectal Cancer

Ephraim

Feehan

Fraser

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of diseases that cause intestinal inflammation and lesions because of an abnormal immune response to host gut microflora. Corticosteroids, anti-inflammatories, and antibiotics are often used to reduce non-specific inflammation and relapse rates; however, such treatments are ineffective over time. Patients with chronic colitis are more susceptible to developing colorectal cancer, especially those with a longer duration of colitis. There is often a limit in using chemotherapy due to side effects, leading to reduced efficacy, leaving an urgent need to improve treatments and identify new therapeutic targets. Cancer immunotherapy has made significant advances in recent years and is mainly categorized as cancer vaccines, adoptive cellular immunotherapy, or immune checkpoint blockade therapies. Checkpoint markers are expressed on cancer cells to evade the immune system, and as a result checkpoint inhibitors have transformed cancer treatment in the last 5–10 years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have produced long-lasting clinical responses in both single and combination therapies. Winnie mice are a viable model of spontaneous chronic colitis with immune responses like human IBD. Determining the expression levels of checkpoint markers in tissues from these mice will provide insights into disease initiation, progression, and cancer. Such information will lead to identification of novel checkpoint markers and the development of treatments with or without immune checkpoint inhibitors or vaccines to slow or stop disease progression.

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“…This was followed by the discovery of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in 1980s, which established a target for the future immunotherapy and prompted further research. 2 More recently, antitumor immunotherapy had a major advancement with the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). ICIs are monoclonal antibodies, which target different checkpoint proteins and prevent them from binding with partner proteins.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bush and Fehleisen reported tumor regression in response to Streptococcal infection in the late 19th century, which sparked an association between immune response and reduction in tumor size. This was followed by the discovery of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in 1980s, which established a target for the future immunotherapy and prompted further research 2…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotherapy-induced Colitis

Vaziri¹,

Turshudzhyan

Vecchio³

2022

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of a variety of malignancies including advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers among others. Since their introduction, there has been significant improvement in survival and prognosis in patients with advanced malignancies. Unfortunately, improved outcomes have come at a price of significant immune-related adverse events, with those of the gastrointestinal tract being the most common. Gastrointestinal immune-related adverse events frequently present as diarrhea and colitis, the severity of which can range from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis with intestinal perforation. Currently, management of ICI-induced colitis is primarily guided by retrospective studies and expert opinion. A significant number of ICIinduced colitis responds to high-dose corticosteroids; however, some patients require further therapy with biologics. There is limited information on the factors which may predispose patients to ICIinduced colitis. Future research elucidating these risk factors along with development of a scoring system could allow for risk-stratification of patients before initiation of ICI therapy. Such a system may help clinicians and patients keep a high index of suspicion regarding ICI-induced colitis and could hopefully reduce the incidence of severe cases. Similarly, future studies should investigate protective factors against ICI-induced colitis, which could potentially allow more patients to safely benefit from ICI therapy.

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History of Immunotherapy – from Coley Toxins to Checkpoints of the Immune Reaction

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

Checkpoint Markers and Tumor Microenvironment: What Do We Know?

Checkpoint Markers and Tumor Microenvironment: What Do We Know?

Cancer Immunotherapy: The Checkpoint between Chronic Colitis and Colorectal Cancer

Immunotherapy-induced Colitis

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