History of opium

Aragón-Poce, F; Martı́nez-Fernández, E; Márquez-Espinós, C; Pérez, A.; Mora, Rosario Gallardo; Torres, Luís

doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00600-3

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Papaver somniferum L . the opium poppy originated in Sumer, a region in ancient Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq and Kuwait) around 5000 BC (Aragón-Poce et al, 2002 ). Much has been written with respect to the opium poppy and many relate not only to the cultivation and harvest of this crop but to the investigations of the chemistry of the plant and its medicinal uses as well as the wars that have been fought over opium (Duke, 1973 ; Kapoor, 1995 ; Bernath, 1999 ; Miller and Tran, 2000 ; Aragón-Poce et al, 2002 ; Askitopoulou et al, 2002 ; Martinez-Fernández et al, 2002 ; Schiff, 2002 ; Bozan and Temelli, 2008 ; Cordell, 2013 ; Windle, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds

2020

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The opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine) have been detected on poppy seeds; they are widely used by the food industry for decoration and flavor but can introduce opium alkaloids into the food chain. Of the opium alkaloids found on poppy seeds, morphine, and codeine are the most pharmacologically active and have been detected in biological matrices collected in workplace and roadside drug testing resulting in positive opiate results. The European Food Safety Authority introduced an acute reference dose of 10 µg morphine/kg of body weight as a safe level for morphine in food products. In this work, it was found that in harvested poppy seeds, and thermally processed poppy seeds (with and without a food matrix), if used in normal levels would not exceed the recommended acute reference dose. It was also shown that the levels of all alkaloids reduce when thermally processed, in comparison with harvested, untreated seeds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds

2020

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“…43 In urgent times, focusing on individual small molecules instead of the whole plant may produce faster results. 49 Historically, the therapeutic agents of medicinal plant origins that have been successfully developed for clinical use have mostly been single compounds such as opioids 50 and the anticancer drug Paclitaxel. 51 The versatility of andrographolide as a SARS-CoV-2 antiviral is demonstrated by its potential to bind to several important targets at various stages of viral attachment, replication, and host-pathogen interactions.…”

Section: Discussion: Antiviral Evidence Against Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees, Andrographolide, and Andrographolide Analogues as SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals? A Rapid Review

Lim

Chan

Tan

et al. 2021

Natural Product Communications

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Drug repurposing is commonly employed in the search for potential therapeutic agents. Andrographis paniculata, a medicinal plant commonly used for symptomatic relief of the common cold, and its phytoconstituent andrographolide, have been repeatedly identified as potential antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. In light of new evidence emerging since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, this rapid review was conducted to identify and evaluate the current SARS-CoV-2 antiviral evidence for A. paniculata, andrographolide, and andrographolide analogs. A systematic search and screen strategy of electronic databases and gray literature was undertaken to identify relevant primary articles. One target-based in vitro study reported the 3CLpro inhibitory activity of andrographolide as being no better than disulfiram. Another Vero cell-based study reported potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory activity for both andrographolide and A. paniculata extract. Eleven in silico studies predicted the binding of andrographolide and its analogs to several key antiviral targets of SARS-CoV-2 including the spike protein-ACE-2 receptor complex, spike protein, ACE-2 receptor, RdRp, 3CLpro, PLpro, and N-protein RNA-binding domain. In conclusion, in silico and in vitro studies collectively suggest multi-pathway targeting SARS-CoV-2 antiviral properties of andrographolide and its analogs, but in vivo data are needed to support these predictions.

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“…6 During the 11th to 17th centuries, opium use spread to the rest of the world including Europe and the New World, and a large number of people across the world became addicted to opium use. 7 In the 19th century, following the banning of opium trade by the Qing dynasty of China, two major opium wars were carried out by the British and French empires against the Qing dynasty. 8 These wars ended with more than twenty thousand casualties by defeat of the Chinese forces and compelling the Chinese government to grant favorable tariffs, trade concessions, and territory to the Western empires.…”

Section: Opium Use Through the Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty Years of Research and One Conclusion: Opium Causes Cancer

2020

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In September 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that opium consumption causes cancer in humans – a conclusion drawn after reviewing data from five decades of research. Given the widespread use of opium and its derivatives by millions of people across the world, the classification of opium consumption as a "Group 1" carcinogen has important public health ramifications. In this mini-review, we offer a short history of opium use in humans and briefly review the body of research that led to the classification of opium consumption as carcinogenic. We also discuss possible mechanisms of opium’s carcinogenicity and potential avenues for future research.

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History of opium

Cited by 29 publications

References 3 publications

Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds

Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees, Andrographolide, and Andrographolide Analogues as SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals? A Rapid Review

Fifty Years of Research and One Conclusion: Opium Causes Cancer

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