History of Pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Century

Abstract

This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows that the influenza virus has been responsible for major pandemic outbreaks in the two centuries. The work shows that bacteria and viruses, especially Yersinia pestis and the influenza virus, have been responsible for the outbreaks of major pandemics in recorded history. It carries-out a compre- hensive and extensive analysis of the various impacts of historical and contemporary pandemics like the Plague of Justinian, Bu- bonic plague, Spanish flu, Cholera pandemics and also the novel COVID-19 had on the trajectory of world history. The work shows that such pandemics profoundly affects political, economic, social, religious, technological, health and educational developments in states in the post-pandemic periods. Additionally, this work com- prehensively identified the commonalities among the pandem- ic-causing diseases in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows, among other things, that pandemic-causing diseases usu- ally strikes in waves and that globalization plays an active role in the transmission of infection in the two centuries. The work concludes by showing that pandemics usually strikes in three waves and based on this assertion the world should be prepared to respond to the second and third waves of the COVID-19.

Multidisciplinary Collaboration Mitigating Health Crises Rooted in Wildlife-Human Interaction

“…Despite significant advances in science and technology, we remain vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks, as evidenced by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Many human diseases, including COVID-19, SARS, MERS, Ebola, and zoonotic influenza, among others, are actually zoonoses that originated or grew in the wild [ 1 ], and yet there is no (or very little) systematic or quantitative studies from management engineering perspective to address the issues of disease transmission from wildlife to humans. The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, has killed millions of people around the world.…”

2022 End Year Homecoming: News Analysis About Policy Dynamics

“…Throughout human history, pandemics have repeatedly occurred and have caused significant disruption to societies, economies, and public health. The word "pandemic" comes from the Greek words "pan" meaning "all" and "demos" meaning "people," and refers to a disease that has spread across a large geographical area, affecting a significant proportion of the population (Calderón & Murillo, 2021;Falode et al, 2021).…”

Decolonising doctoral education in an era of pandemic

“…Pandemics have acted as significant prompts for change in global history and education (Cabeleira and Madeira, 2022;Falode et al, 2021;Priem, 2022;Novella, 2022;Spieker, 2022). Although they have signalled the end of some practices, they have also amplified preexisting trends and generated new theoretical and practical directions (Peters et al, 2022;Sobe, 2022).…”

“…Although they have signalled the end of some practices, they have also amplified preexisting trends and generated new theoretical and practical directions (Peters et al, 2022;Sobe, 2022). For example, as suggested by Falode et al (2021), the Plague of Justinian in 542-590 AD heralded the end of the Roman empire and the beginnings of medieval history in Europe, while the Black Death in Europe led to the cultural flowering of the Renaissance in the 15th century. The COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 onwards has become a critical turning point in global history and education.…”