History of the COVID-19 pandemic: Origin, explosion, worldwide spreading

Platto, Sara; Wang, Yanqing; Zhou, Jinfeng; Carafoli, Ernesto

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.087

Cited by 104 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In 2019, an outbreak was reported in China [1], rapidly resulting in a pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [2]. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the causative agent of this pathology, a new betacoronavirus [3], which is, thus, added to other coronaviruses (CoVs) implicated in different infectious diseases in humans, namely strains 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Active Site Ligands in the Human Metabolome

2021

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In late 2019, a global pandemic occurred. The causative agent was identified as a member of the Coronaviridae family, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, we present an analysis on the substances identified in the human metabolome capable of binding the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). The substances present in the human metabolome have both endogenous and exogenous origins. The aim of this research was to find molecules whose biochemical and toxicological profile was known that could be the starting point for the development of antiviral therapies. Our analysis revealed numerous metabolites—including xenobiotics—that bind this protease, which are essential to the lifecycle of the virus. Among these substances, silybin, a flavolignan compound and the main active component of silymarin, is particularly noteworthy. Silymarin is a standardized extract of milk thistle, Silybum marianum, and has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antineoplastic, and antiviral activities. Our results—obtained in silico and in vitro—prove that silybin and silymarin, respectively, are able to inhibit Mpro, representing a possible food-derived natural compound that is useful as a therapeutic strategy against COVID-19.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Active Site Ligands in the Human Metabolome

2021

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“…However, this process is counteracted by recombination, which can occur when different coronaviruses or mutants/variants co-infect the same host creating an enormous evolutionary landscape for viruses to explore ( Joffrin et al, 2020 ). It has been postulated that SARS-CoV-2 might have been active well before the outbreak in Wuhan and either through zoonosis or accidental release from a laboratory, mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein dramatically increased its transmissibility leading to the COVID-19 pandemic ( Platto et al, 2021 ). For this reason and to limit the emergence and impact on the pandemic, it is of utmost importance to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 mutants/variants in light of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 ( Otto et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodically aperiodic pattern of SARS-CoV-2 mutations underpins the uncertainty of its origin and evolution

Hassan¹,

Basu

Redwan

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

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Various lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have contributed to prolongation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several non-synonymous mutations in SARS-CoV-2 proteins have generated multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. In our previous report, we have shown an evenly uneven distribution of unique protein variants of SARS-CoV-2 is geo-location or demography-specific. However, the correlation between the demographic transmutability of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and mutations in various proteins remains unknown due to hidden symmetry/asymmetry in the occurrence of mutations. This study tracked how these mutations are emerging in SARS-CoV-2 proteins in six model countries and globally. In a geo-location, considering the mutations having a frequency of detection of at least five hundred in each SARS-CoV-2 protein; we studied the country-wise percentage of invariant residues. Our data revealed that since October 2020, highly frequent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have been observed mostly in the Open Reading Frames (ORF) 7b and ORF8, worldwide. No such highly frequent mutations in any of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins were found in the UK, India, and Brazil, which does not correlate with the degree of transmissibility of the virus in India and Brazil. However, we have found a signature that SARS-CoV-2 proteins were evolving at a higher rate, and considering global data, mutations are detected in the majority of the available amino acid locations. Fractal analysis of each protein's normalized factor time series showed a periodically aperiodic emergence of dominant variants for SARS-CoV-2 protein mutations across different countries. It was noticed that certain high-frequency variants have emerged in the last couple of months, and thus the emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains are expected to contain prevalent mutations in ORF3a, membrane, and ORF8 proteins. In contrast to other beta-coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 variants have rapidly emerged based on demographically dependent mutations. Characterization of the periodically aperiodic nature of the demographic spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in various countries can contribute to the identification of the origin of SARS-CoV-2.

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“…Originating in Wuhan (Hubei, China) on 31 December 2019, a total of 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology led to a global viral pandemic (SARS-CoV-2) [ 1 ]. The exponential and global increase in the rate of infections and the first deaths were the triggers for the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic on 11 March 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review

Clemente-Suárez

Martínez–González

Benitez-Agudelo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of the worldwide population. Citizens suffer the social, economic, physiological, and psychological effects of this pandemic. Primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages were used for a consensus critical review. The method was a narrative review of the available literature to summarize the existing literature addressing mental health concerns and stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found the pandemic has had a direct impact on psychopathologies such as anxiety, increasing its ratios, and depression. Other syndromes such as burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder have increased with the pandemic, showing a larger incidence among medical personnel. Moreover, eating disorders and violence have also increased. Public authorities must prepare healthcare systems for increasing incidences of mental pathologies. Mental health apps are one of the tools that can be used to reach the general population.

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History of the COVID-19 pandemic: Origin, explosion, worldwide spreading

Cited by 104 publications

References 27 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Active Site Ligands in the Human Metabolome

SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Active Site Ligands in the Human Metabolome

Periodically aperiodic pattern of SARS-CoV-2 mutations underpins the uncertainty of its origin and evolution

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review

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