History of the development of intraoperative spinal cord monitoring

Current opinions and recommendations on multimodal intraoperative monitoring during spine surgeries

“…The consensus group recognized that alternative terminology based on specifying stimulation and recording sites as originally proposed by Tamaki [32,33] and modified by Sutter et al [31] can also be acceptable ( Fig. 1; Table 1).…”

“…This is important because antecedent myelopathy increases spinal cord risk during surgical treatment. The possibility of having functional neurophysiological assessment during spine and spinal cord surgery was introduced in 1970s by applying somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) as well as spinal evoked potentials [15,21,32,33].…”

Monitoring the Nervous System for Anesthesiologists and Other Health Care Professionals

“…Recently, Tamaki (orthopedic surgeon) wrote an article about the history of EP monitoring and credited Shimoji (anesthesiologist) with introducing epidural evoked potential monitoring in 1971 [4]. Betty Grundy, MD, as an anesthesiologist involved in the early applications of IOM recognized this in 1982 when she wrote about the application of auditory evoked potentials in surgery on the brainstem in the Journal of Neurosurgery "we wanted early indication of deteriorating function so that we could intervene to prevent perma-nent injury.…”

Surgical Treatment After Spinal Trauma in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

“…Common techniques include spinal cord evoked potentials introduced by Tamaki and Yamane, (1975), somatosensory cortical evoked potentials introduced by Nash and Brown, (1979), spinal somatosensory evoked potentials introduced by Shimoji et al (1971), and muscle MEPs introduced by Merton and Morton, (1980). Unfortunately, such studies may not be sensitive enough to reliably predict neurological damage (Tamaki and Kubota, 2007).…”