History of the Equation of State of Seawater

Millero, Frank J.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.21

Cited by 99 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The increases in the gradients in density, assuming a uniform salinity 5 0.6%, over the same depth ranges were similar: 227%, 257%, and 295%, respectively. The increases in the gradients in density over the same depth ranges (Verburg et al 2003), taking into account the change in salinity through depth from 0.57% to 0.63% (Millero 2000), were much smaller: 170%, 179%, and 188%, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The physics of the warming of Lake Tanganyika by climate change

Verburga

Hecky

2009

Limnology & Oceanography

124

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Climate warming over the 20th century has increased the density stratification and stability of Lake Tanganyika, a deep rift valley lake. Here we examine the physical processes involved in and affected by the warming of the lake, and we discuss effects on lake productivity. The rate of net heat absorption by Lake Tanganyika has been 0.4 W m 22 since 1913, twice the rate in the global ocean, indicating stronger climate forcing in the East African region. Lakes warm through increased incoming long-wave radiation. While lakes in general will increase heat outputs in a warming climate, heat outputs will increase more slowly in deeper lakes than in shallower lakes. Temperatures have increased by 0.2uC at 1000 m in depth, in part because of reduced cool marginal inflows, while water surface temperatures have increased by about 1.3uC. This differential heating over depth has increased the density gradient through the water column, reducing the potential for vertical mixing and thereby limiting nutrient fluxes to the phototrophic zone. An increase in transparency, indicating a reduction in productivity as a result of the reduced vertical mixing, occurred both in Lake Tanganyika and in Lake Malawi, a similar deep tropical lake in which warming has also been documented.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Density calculations were made following the method of Chen and Millero (1977) using potential temperatures calculated as in Chen and Millero (1986) and salinity from Millero (2000). Conductivity in 2000 varied from 0.680 mS cm 21 in the surface waters to 0.706 mS cm 21 near the bottom.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physics of the warming of Lake Tanganyika by climate change

Verburga

Hecky

2009

Limnology & Oceanography

124

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“…( Lewis and Wallace, 1998). The conductivity has been calculated with a program provided by F. J. Millero (Millero, 2000), modified to include OH -conductivity (Robinson and Stokes, 1959). Relative Specific Conductivity is the specific conductivity of 7mM NaOH + CO 2 normalized to the specific conductivity of 7 mM NaOH (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An autonomous instrument for time series analysis of TCO2 from oceanographic moorings

Sayles¹,

Eck²

2009

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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Keywords: Seawater carbon dioxide; Robotic CO2 analysis; Conductimetric CO2analysis. AbstractThe design and testing of a robotic analyzer for autonomous TCO 2 measurement from oceanographic moorings is described. The analyzer employs a conductimetric method of TCO 2 measurement wherein CO 2 from an acidified sample diffuses across a semi-permeable membrane into a NaOH solution decreasing the conductivity of the base. The instrument is capable of ~850 analyses over a period of at least six months. It is designed to operate to depths of at least 1000m. TCO 2 calibration is based on in situ standardization throughout a deployment.We report both laboratory and in situ tests of the analyzer. In the laboratory automated analyses over a period of 38 days at temperatures ranging from 8° to 25° C yielded a TCO 2 accuracy and precision of ±2.7 μmol/kg. In situ tests were conducted at the WHOI dock with a deployment of 8 weeks at in situ temperatures of 5°-13°C. The accuracy and precision of TCO 2 analyses over the deployment period, based on in situ calibration, was ±3.6 μmol/kg.Laboratory tests of reagent and standard solution stability are also reported.Standards, based on Certified Reference Material were followed for periods of up to 2 years. In all cases TCO 2 increased. Drift of the standards was the equivalent of ~1 to 2 μmol/kg per 6 months. The conductivity indicator solution was found to be stable for at least 2 months.

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“…Understanding how this discrepancy was introduced requires consideration of some historical details that influenced the definition of Practical Salinity. The details are presented in Millero et al (2008a) and in Millero (2010) and are briefly summarised here. There are two primary reasons for this discrepancy.…”

Section: T J Mcdougall Et Al: Algorithm For Estimating Absolute Samentioning

confidence: 99%

A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity

et al. 2012

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Abstract. The International Thermodynamic Equation ofSeawater -2010 has defined the thermodynamic properties of seawater in terms of a new salinity variable, Absolute Salinity, which takes into account the spatial variation of the composition of seawater. Absolute Salinity more accurately reflects the effects of the dissolved material in seawater on the thermodynamic properties (particularly density) than does Practical Salinity.When a seawater sample has standard composition (i.e.

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History of the Equation of State of Seawater

Cited by 99 publications

References 53 publications

The physics of the warming of Lake Tanganyika by climate change

The physics of the warming of Lake Tanganyika by climate change

An autonomous instrument for time series analysis of TCO2 from oceanographic moorings

A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity

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