“…Additionally, a light gradient boosting machine (LGBM) is also widely used with outstanding performance [ 48 , 49 ] due to the advantages of fast training speed and high efficiency, accuracy, and capability to handle large-scale data [ 49 , 50 ]. Recently, deep learning (DL) algorithms (e.g., convolutional neural network (CNN)) have demonstrated superior prediction performance in the field of bioinformatics, such as in the prediction of modification sites on DNA, RNA, and proteins [ 26 , 27 , 31 , 51 , 52 , 53 ] and many domains of social relevance [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]…”