Hitting A Moving Target: The Use of Ethnographic Methods in the Development of Sampling Strategies for the Evaluation of AIDS Outreach Programs for Homeless Youth in New York City

Clatts, Michael C.; Davis, William R.; Atillasoy, Aylin

doi:10.1037/e495722006-009

Cited by 40 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…These data were used to develop a targeted sampling plan for areas with high or medium density drug-related activity. 14,15 Areas with low density heroin activity were excluded because of the lack of efficiency of recruitment in these areas, as well as concerns about greater difficulty in maintaining confidentiality in these settings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male sex work and HIV risk among young heroin users in Hanoi, Vietnam

Clatts¹,

Giang

Goldsamt

et al. 2007

Sex. Health

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male sex work and HIV risk among young heroin users in Hanoi, Vietnam

Clatts¹,

Giang

Goldsamt

et al. 2007

Sex. Health

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“…With the explicit goal of building theoretical sources of variability in the sample, subjects were recruited using a targeted sampling approach that included a wide variety of natural settings in which young men who have sex with men congregate (Watters & Biernacki, 1989;Clatts, Davis, & Atillasoy, 1995). Settings were identified during a year long community assessment process, and included a wide range of venues MSM use for finding sexual partners (e.g., public sex locations, public parks, etc.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homelessness and drug abuse among young men who have sex with men in New York city: A preliminary epidemiological trajectory

Clatts

Goldsamt

et al. 2005

Journal of Adolescence

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The objective of this paper is to profile the role of homelessness in drug and sexual risk in a population of young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Data are from a cross-sectional survey collected between 2001 in New York City (N = 569). With the goal of examining the import of homelessness in increased risk for the onset of drug and sexual risk, we compare and contrast three subgroups: (1) YMSM with no history of homelessness, (2) YMSM with a past history of homelessness but who were not homeless at the time of the interview, and (3) YMSM who were currently homeless. For each group, we describe the prevalence of a broad range of stressful life events (including foster care and runaway episodes, involvement in the criminal justice system, etc.), as well as selected mental health problems (including past suicide attempts, current depression, and selected help-seeking variables). Additionally, we examine the prevalence of selected drug and sexual risk, including exposure to a broad range of illegal substances, current use of illegal drugs, and prevalence of lifetime exposure to sex work. Finally, we use an event history analysis approach (time-event displays and paired t-test analysis) to examine the timing of negative life experiences and homelessness relative to the onset of drug and sexual risk. High levels of background negative life experiences and manifest mental health distress are seen in all three groups. Both a prior experience of homelessness and currently being homeless are both strongly associated with both higher levels of lifetime exposure to drug and sexual risk as well as higher levels of current drug and sexual risk. Onset of these risks occur earlier in both groups that have had an experience of housing instability (e.g., runaway, foster care, etc.) but are delayed or not present among YMSM with no history of housing instability. Few YMSM had used drug prior to becoming homeless. While causal inferences are subject to the limitations of a cross-sectional design, the findings pose an empirical challenge to the prevailing assumption that prior drug use is a dominant causal factor in YMSM becoming homeless. More broadly, the data illustrate the complexity of factors that must be accounted for, both in advancing our epidemiological understanding of the complexity of homelessness and its relationship to the onset of drug and sexual risk among high risk youth populations.

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“…Data collection began with a Community Assessment Process (CAP; Clatts et al, 1995) by trained ethnographers in each city to determine the locations of groups of young people who injected ketamine. Towards this end, ethnographers interviewed key informants, such as directors of homeless shelters, health clinic staff, needle exchange coordinators, or outreach workers, who might have direct or indirect contact with young ketamine injectors.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

First injection of ketamine among young injection drug users (IDUs) in three U.S. cities

Lankenau¹,

Sanders²,

Bloom³

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, has emerged as an increasingly common drug among subgroups of young injection drug users (IDUs) in cities across the United States. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 213 young IDUs aged 16-28 years recruited in New York, New Orleans, and Los Angeles between 2004 and 2006. While some initiated injection drug use with ketamine, the drug was more frequently injected by IDUs with extensive polydrug using histories. IDUs initiating with ketamine commonly self-injected via an intramuscular mode of administration. The injection group provided crucial knowledge and material resources that enabled the injection event to occur, including ketamine, syringes, and injection skills. Injection paraphernalia was commonly shared during the first injection of ketamine, particularly vials of pharmaceutically-packaged liquid ketamine. Injection events infrequently occurred in a rave or club and more typically in a private home, which challenges ketamine's designation as a 'club' drug. The first injection of ketamine was a noteworthy event since it introduced a novel drug or new mode of administration to be further explored by some, or exposed others to a drug to be avoided in the future. Risk reduction messages directed towards young IDUs should be expanded to include ketamine.

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Hitting A Moving Target: The Use of Ethnographic Methods in the Development of Sampling Strategies for the Evaluation of AIDS Outreach Programs for Homeless Youth in New York City

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Male sex work and HIV risk among young heroin users in Hanoi, Vietnam

Male sex work and HIV risk among young heroin users in Hanoi, Vietnam

Homelessness and drug abuse among young men who have sex with men in New York city: A preliminary epidemiological trajectory

First injection of ketamine among young injection drug users (IDUs) in three U.S. cities

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