HIV‐1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from 1977 through 1987

Jarlais, DC Des; Friedman, SR; Dm, Novick; Sotheran, JL; Thomas, Pauline; Yancovitz, Stanley R.; Mildvan, Donna; Weber, John T.; Mj, Kreek; Maslansky, Robert; Bartelme, S; Spira, T. T.; Marmor, Michael

doi:10.1016/0020-7292(89)90367-6

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Sharing injection equipment has led to extremely high HIV incidence rates in IDUs (Des Jarlais et al, 1989;Robertson et al, 1986;Stimson et al, 1998;UNAIDS, 2004) because this mechanism provides a highly efficient route for HIV transmission compared with unprotected sex (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). Therefore most HIV prevention for IDUs has appropriately focused on reducing the sharing of injection equipment.…”

Section: Parenteral Transmission Of Hiv In Idusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior Change and Health-Related Interventions for Heterosexual Risk Reduction Among Drug Users

Semaan

Jarlais

Malow

2006

Substance Use & Misuse

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Prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV between and from drug users is important for controlling the local and global HIV heterosexual epidemic. Sex risk reduction interventions and health-related interventions are important for reducing the sex risk behaviors of drug users. Sex risk reduction interventions address individual-level, peer-level, and structural-level determinants of risk reduction. Health-related interventions include HIV counseling and testing, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and delivery of highly active antiretroviral therapy. It is important to adapt effective interventions implemented in resource-rich countries to the realities of the resourceconstrained settings and to address relevant contextual factors.RESUMEN-Il est important de prévenir la transmission hétérosexuelle du VIH à partir des usagers de drogue pour contrôler l'épidémie hétérosexuelle locale et mondiale de VIH. Des interventions ciblant à la fois la réduction de risque sexuel et la santé des usagers de drogue sont nécessaires. Les interventions de réduction de risque sexuel prennent en compte le niveau individuel, le niveau des pairs et celui des déterminants structurels de la réduction des risques. Les interventions visant l'amélioration de la santé comprennent le conseil et le dépistage du VIH, la prévention et le traitement des infections sexuellement transmissibles et la prescription d'antirétroviraux. Il est important d'adapter les interventions efficaces mises en place dans les pays riches aux réalités des contextes de pays à ressources limitées et de tenir compte des facteurs contextuels pertinents. Keywords global research; HIV; injection drug use; research interventions; sexual risk HIV Infection and Injection Drug UsersInjection drug use continues to complicate the control of the global HIV epidemic (UNAIDS, 2004). In 2003, 136 countries reported injecting drug use and 93 countries reported HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) (World Health Organization, 2003). IDUs are at risk for infection with HIV through both multiperson use ("sharing") of drug injection equipment and through unsafe sex behaviors (Aceijas et al., 2004). Although the scope and effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV infection through drug injection equipment has been well documented in the literature (Des Jarlais et al., 2005;Quan et This review describes sex risk reduction interventions with drug users and their effectiveness in reducing sexual risk behaviors of IDUs and other drug users. We highlight the needs and opportunities for these interventions, discuss the generalizability of the results to resourceconstrained settings, and outline the implications for global research efforts and public health practice. Although our literature review is not comprehensive, it highlights many areas that affect sexual transmission of HIV to and from drug users in both resource-rich and resourceconstrained settings. Efforts to reduce substance abuse and HIV risk associated with injection behav...

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Section: Parenteral Transmission Of Hiv In Idusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior Change and Health-Related Interventions for Heterosexual Risk Reduction Among Drug Users

Semaan

Jarlais

Malow

2006

Substance Use & Misuse

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“…Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 1 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 2 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) 3 are examples of pathogens that spread easily and rapidly through IDU populations. Behavioral and immunological characteristics associated with drug use also predispose IDUs to increased prevalence of diseases that are not blood-borne, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4 and antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of rodent-associated Bartonella and Rickettsia infections among intravenous drug users from Central and East Harlem, New York City.

Comer

Diaz²,

Vlahov³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We tested serum samples collected in 1997 and 1998 from a cohort of 204 injection drug users (IDUs) recruited from Central and East Harlem, New York City, New York, for antibodies reactive with seven rickettsial or Bartonella spp. antigens. Rodent-associated Bartonella elizabethae and Rickettsia akari were the primary etiologic agents of interest. The testing panel also included Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Rickettsia typhi. The highest prevalence of seroreactive serum samples (46%) was found with B. elizabethae antigens; 10% of the samples reacted with B. henselae antigens, while 2% reacted with B. quintana antigens. Reactivity to the latter two antigens was likely due to cross-reactivity with B. elizabethae antigens in most instances. Among the spotted fever group rickettsiae, 18 (9%) samples reacted with R. akari, including 10 samples (5%) that also reacted with R. rickettsii. Cross-adsorption studies demonstrated that most of the spotted fever group rickettsiae antibodies were due to R. akari infections. Among the typhus group rickettsiae, 5 samples reacted weakly to R. prowazekii antigens, and no samples reacted with R. typhi antigens. These findings suggest that Harlem IDUs are commonly exposed to two rodent-associated zoonotic agents. Further study of IDU populations may help elucidate transmission cycles of these agents in inner cities where higher levels of transmission occur.

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“…On the one hand, the widespread use of shooting galleries, where large numbers of IDUs used a single syringe, which resulted in a very rapid spread of HIV (Friedman et al, 1987a;Des Jarlais et al, 1989), was partly attributed to the advantages of economy of scale in a period of severely restricted legal access to sterile needles and syringes. While shooting galleries could be a lucrative business, new alternative sources of syringes would clearly challenge the dominant role these establishments assumed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New York City Injection Drug Users’ Memories of Syringe-Sharing Patterns and Changes During the Peak of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic

2006

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In this oral history, 23 injection drug users (IDUs) were interviewed about the mid-1970s to mid-1980s when they could not legally purchase or possess syringes, and the threat of AIDS began to loom large. Several themes emerged, including: abrupt changes in syringe-sharing patterns; the effects of illnesses or deaths of others on their understanding of AIDS; and, racial/ethnic differences in responses to the threat of AIDS. Settings, such as "shooting galleries," helped HIV spread rapidly in the earliest stages of the city's AIDS epidemic. HIV entered the drug scene in the mid-1970s, just when IDUs were shifting from sharing homemade "works" (consisting of steel needles and syringes devised from rubber baby pacifiers and similar sources) among many IDUs to mass produced and distributed plastic, disposable needle and syringe sets. IDUs remember when they first became aware of AIDS and began to adjust their behaviors and social assumptions.

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HIV‐1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from 1977 through 1987

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Behavior Change and Health-Related Interventions for Heterosexual Risk Reduction Among Drug Users

Behavior Change and Health-Related Interventions for Heterosexual Risk Reduction Among Drug Users

Evidence of rodent-associated Bartonella and Rickettsia infections among intravenous drug users from Central and East Harlem, New York City.

New York City Injection Drug Users’ Memories of Syringe-Sharing Patterns and Changes During the Peak of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic

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