Hiv-1 Infection in Norwegian Family Before 1970

Frøland, Stig S.; Jenum, Pål A.; Lindboe, Christian F.; Wefring, Karl W.; Linnestad, P.; Bøhmer, Thomas

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92164-2

Cited by 43 publications

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“…The earliest serum sample that was found to contain antibodies to HIV-1 was collected in 1958 from Zaire. The earliest case of HIV-1 positive serum outside Africa was reported from Norway, that of a sailor who probably became infected in the mid-1960s and who, together with his wife and third daughter, died of what was retrospectively diagnosed as AIDS (Froland et al, 1988). He may have become infected in an African port and, infecting his wife before or during her third pregnancy, indirectly transmitted the disease to their third child, leaving the two older daughters disease-free.…”

Section: (2 ) Origin and Spread Of Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology

Karpas¹

2004

Biological Reviews

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The study of retroviruses has had a profound impact by unveiling an unusual form of viral replication: the multiplication of RNA viruses via a proviral DNA, for which Jan Svoboda provided the experimental model over forty years ago. In 1970 Temin, Mizutani and Baltimore discovered that this group of viruses contains a unique enzyme catalysing the synthesis of a DNA copy of the viral RNA: reverse transcriptase (RT). The discovery of RT has itself had an enormous impact on molecular biology in general, but also stimulated many premature claims of its detection in human disease. Claims by Gallo's laboratory that the cytoplasm of human leukaemia cells contained RT proved to be unfounded, as did his report in collaboration with Weiss that myeloid leukaemia contained HL23 virus, this organism proving not to be human but a laboratory contaminant of three monkey viruses. Conclusive demonstration of a retroviral involvement in human leukaemia was first provided in 1981 by Hinuma and his associates, showing that adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL), a rare form of leukaemia endemic to south-west Japan, is caused by a new retrovirus (ATLV). Other publications in December 1980 and through 1981 claimed the discovery of a new human T-cell leukaemia virus involved in mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary's syndrome (SS). This virus was termed HTLV by Gallo. The nucleotide sequence of ATLV is strongly conserved, that of my 1983 isolate from a black British ATL patient being practically identical with the Japanese virus isolates. After AIDS was recognised in 1981 by Gottlieb and coworkers as a new human disease, several papers were published by Gallo and his associates during 1983-4, invoking the oncovirus responsible for adult T-cell leukaemia as the cause of AIDS. In 1983 the French scientist Barré-Sinoussi and her colleagues succeeded in isolating a new agent in the disease, a lentivirus, which they named LAV. The French immunologist Klatzmann and his colleagues discovered that LAV killed CD4+ T-cells, furnishing an explanation for the pathogenesis of AIDS and providing a mechanism for how AIDS developed. For some time Gallo continued to suggest leukaemia virus involvement, claiming that his independent isolate of the AIDS virus, termed HTLV-III, was closely related to HTLV-I (the Japanese ATLV). Although this created considerable confusion among researchers for a period, the relationship was eventually disproved. Unlike ATLV, whose nucleic acid sequence is very stable, the AIDS virus (now termed HIV by international agreement) is extraordinarily unstable, the sequences of independent HIV isolates being quite unique: this made it possible to establish conclusively that both HTLV-III and another independent isolate CBL-1, from Weiss' laboratory, were actually LAV isolates from the French laboratory. It has been shown by Hayami and his associates that only African primates are infected with similar lentiviruses to HIV which explains why AIDS started in Africa. Further research has clarified the origin of HIV-1 to be a chimpanzee lentivirus ...

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Section: (2 ) Origin and Spread Of Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology

Karpas¹

2004

Biological Reviews

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“… A plasma sample taken in 1959 from an adult male living in what is now the Democratic Republics of Congo (Zhu, 1959 (Froland, 1988). A 1998 analysis of the plasma sample from 1959 suggested that HIV was introduced into humans around the 1940s.…”

Section: Hiv/aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Commercial Drivers towards HIV/AIDS and Prevention in OSE Local Government area ONDO State Nigeria

Daniel¹

2016

TIJPH

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This descriptive survey study, which was carried out in Ose local government area of Ondo State, investigated the knowledge, attitude and practices of road transport workers towards the prevention of HIV/AIDS in Ose, Ondo state, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used as instrument. Summated scores was used to access respondents' knowledge about HIV/AIDS, attitude towards HIV/AIDS prevention, practices towards HIV/AIDS prevention and knowledge about HIV/AIDS protective measures. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 17. Descriptive statistics of frequencies, tables, pie and bar charts were used to present the results. Chi square was used to determine the significant association between various sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge of HIV/AIDS, practice towards prevention of HIV/AIDS and knowledge of HIV/AIDS protective measures among commercial drivers. The results of the 150 participants study revealed that many of the commercial drivers are above 30 years old (52.4%). A considerable percentage of respondents have girlfriends (27.9%), engage in extramarital sex (54.1%), and visit sex workers more than twice per week (21.4%).This study equally revealed that considerable high percentage (40%) of the respondents have poor knowledge about HIV/AIDS, while the level of education, ethnic group and number of visits to sex workers have statistically significant association with their knowledge about HIV/AIDS. It was also revealed that 100% of commercial drivers have varying degrees of poor attitude towards HIV/AIDS prevention, coupled with 93% of varying degrees of poor practice of HIV/AIDS prevention and 77% of their varying degrees of poor knowledge of HIV/AIDS protective measures. Marital status, levels of education, ethnic group and extramarital sex were found to be significantly associated with the practice of commercial drivers towards HIV/AIDS prevention. Finally, this study also discovered that level of education and occasional extramarital sex has statistically significant association with the knowledge of commercial drivers about HIV/AIDS protective measures in Ose metropolis. Helpful recommendations on how to improve the situation were made and suggestions for further research were also given.

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“…Group O, was not identified until 1990 and has spread to a much lesser extent than group M. However, the genetic diversity points to an origin in time similar to that of group M. The earliest stored samples shown to contain HIV-1 group O are from a Norwegian sailor and his family, all of whom died in 1976 (Froland et al, 1988;Jonassen et al, 1997). The sailor probably was infected during a visit to Africa in the early 1960s and showed symptoms of AIDS by 1966.…”

Section: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonoses in the Emergence of Human Viral Diseases

Åsjö

Kruse²

2006

Perspectives in Medical Virology

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Viral zoonoses have represented a significant public health problem throughout history, affecting all continents. Furthermore, many viral zoonoses have emerged or reemerged in recent years, highlighting the importance of such diseases. Emerging viral zoonoses encompass a vast number of different viruses and many different transmission modes. There are many factors influencing the epidemiology of the various zoonoses, such as ecological changes, changes in agriculture and food production, the movement of pathogens, including via travel and trade, human behavior and demographical factors, and microbial changes and adaptation. Costeffective prevention and control of emerging viral zoonoses necessitates an interdisciplinary and holistic approach and international cooperation. Surveillance, laboratory capability, research, training and education, and last but not least, information and communication are key elements.

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Hiv-1 Infection in Norwegian Family Before 1970

Cited by 43 publications

References 1 publication

Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology

Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology

Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Commercial Drivers towards HIV/AIDS and Prevention in OSE Local Government area ONDO State Nigeria

Zoonoses in the Emergence of Human Viral Diseases

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