HIV-1 Subtype distribution in morocco based on national sentinel surveillance data 2004-2005

Akrim, Mohammed; Lemrabet, Sanae; Elharti, E; Gray, Rebecca; Tardy, J. C.; Cook, Robert L.; Salemi, Marco; André, Patrice; Azarian, Taj; Aouad, Rajae El

doi:10.1186/1742-6405-9-5

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…41 Nevertheless, recent data suggest increasing diversity of strains with over 25% of the infections being of non-B subtypes, including several circulating recombinant forms. 42 –45 A recent phylogenetic analysis showed that 39% of the recombinant strains (CRF02_AG) were closely connected with reference strains from Morocco, and 61% clustered with reference strains from eight West African and three European countries. 44…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dominant HIV strain in Morocco is subtype B reflecting transmission pathways of West European origins and affirming the introduction of the virus to Morocco through the sizable migration and tourism links between this country and West Europe. 41,45,46 However, recent data indicate increasing diversity of HIV-1 variants reflecting sub-Saharan African immigration to Europe via Morocco or possibly acquisitions by Moroccans traveling in sub-Saharan Africa. 41 –45 However, the Africanization of subtypes, that is, the increased appearance in Morocco of subtypes circulating in sub-Saharan Africa, should not be interpreted as a major role for African migrants in HIV transmission dynamics in Morocco.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41,45,46 However, recent data indicate increasing diversity of HIV-1 variants reflecting sub-Saharan African immigration to Europe via Morocco or possibly acquisitions by Moroccans traveling in sub-Saharan Africa. 41 –45 However, the Africanization of subtypes, that is, the increased appearance in Morocco of subtypes circulating in sub-Saharan Africa, should not be interpreted as a major role for African migrants in HIV transmission dynamics in Morocco. Though migration contributed to the introduction of new HIV subtypes, the totality of the epidemiological evidence synthesized here indicates that the vast majority of HIV transmissions in this country are linked to the domestic high-risk networks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The epidemiology of HIV infection in Morocco: systematic review and data synthesis

et al. 2013

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SummaryMorocco has made significant strides in building its HIV research capacity. Based on a wealth of empirical data, the objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive and systematic literature review and analytical synthesis of HIV epidemiological evidence in this country. Data were retrieved using three major sources of literature and data. HIV transmission dynamics were found to be focused in high-risk populations, with female sex workers (FSWs) and clients contributing the largest share of new HIV infections. There is a pattern of emerging epidemics among some high-risk populations, and some epidemics, particularly among FSWs, appear to be established and stable. The scale of the local HIV epidemics and populations affected show highly heterogeneous geographical distribution. To optimize the national HIV response, surveillance and prevention efforts need to be expanded among high-risk populations and in geographic settings where low intensity and possibly concentrated HIV epidemics are emerging or are already endemic.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The epidemiology of HIV infection in Morocco: systematic review and data synthesis

et al. 2013

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“…At least 51 CRFs have been identified [10] with a significant proportion presently found in Africa alongside all the other groups and subtypes [7]. Subtype C has continued to predominate in the Southern parts of Africa (South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe) [9] while subtype B is seemingly the most common in North Africa (Morocco, Egypt, Algeria) [11–13]. West and Central African countries have a wide distribution of HIV-1 M subtypes and Cameroon probably harbours the highest number of HIV-1 subtypes [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and antiretroviral resistance-associated mutation profile of treated and naive HIV-1 infected patients from the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon

et al. 2019

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BackgroundAntiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the survival of HIV infected persons. However, rapid scale-up of ART and the high HIV-1 genetic variability, has greatly influenced the emergence of drug-resistant strains. This constitutes a potential threat to achieving the UNAIDS’ 90-90-90 goals by 2020. We investigated the prevalent HIV-1 genotypes, drug resistance-associated mutations and assessed some predictors of the occurrence of these mutations.MethodsThis was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted between October 2010 and June 2012. Participants were consecutively enrolled from selected HIV treatment centers of the Southwest and Northwest regions of Cameroon. Viral load was determined with the automated Abbott Real-time HIV-1 m2000rt System. HIV genotyping and antiretroviral resistance mutations analysis were performed using Bayer’s HIV-1 TRUGENE™ Genotyping Kit and OpenGene DNA Sequencing system. The drug resistance mutation was interpreted with the Stanford HIV database. Epidemiological data were obtained using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires.ResultsOf the 387 participants, 239 were successfully genotyped. The median age of these participants was 33 years (interquartile range, IQR: 28–40 years), and a majority (65.7%) were female. A total of 29.3% of the participants were receiving ART. The median duration of ART was 10.5 months (IQR: 4–17.25 months). The median CD4 count and log10 viral load of study participants were 353.5 cells/ml (IQR:145–471) and 4.89 copies/ml (IQR: 3.91–5.55) respectively. CRF02 (A/G) (69%) was the most prevalent subtype followed by G (8.2%) and F (6.7%). Overall, resistance mutations were present in 37.1% of ART-experienced and 10.7% of ART-naive patients. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) mutations occurred in 30% of ART-experienced and 2.4% of ART-naïve patients, while non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) mutations occurred in 34.2% of ART-experienced and 10.1% of -naïve patients. M184V (8.4%, 20/239) and K103N (5.4%, 13/239) were the most prevalent mutations. Major protease inhibitor mutations occurred in 3 (1.3%) out of the 239 sequences. The duration of ART independently predicted the occurrence of resistance mutation among ART-experienced patients.ConclusionThe high resistance to NNRTIs, which are the main support to the backbone (NRTIs) first-line antiretroviral regimen in Cameroon, has prompted the need to rollout an integrase strand transfer inhibitor regimen (containing Dolutegravir) with a higher genetic barrier to resistance as the preferred first line regimen.

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“…The possible inter-subtype recombination was analyzed with the Recombination Identification Program (RIP). 3 Molecular transmission clusters (MTCs) were defined as clusters with 2 or more sequences having bootstrap support greater than 80% (the criterion for phylogenetic confidence) and a pairwise gene distance less than or equal to 0.03 (the pairwise gene distance was calculated using the Tamura–Nei parameter model and setting the bootstrap to 1,000 with MEGA 7.0) ( 25 – 27 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequently Transmission and Close Relationship Among Immigrants in the China–Myanmar Border Region Indicated by Molecular Transmission Analysis From a Cross-Sectional Data

Liu

Wang³

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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BackgroundAccurate identification of molecular transmission clusters (MTCs) and understanding the dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission are necessary to develop targeted interventions to prevent HIV transmission. We evaluated the characteristics of antiretroviral therapy-naïve individuals who belonged to HIV-1 MTCs in the China–Myanmar border region to inform targeted effective HIV intervention.MethodsPhylogenetic analyses were undertaken on HIV-1 pol sequences to characterize subtypes or circulating recombinant forms and identify MTCs. MTCs were defined as those with 2 or more sequences having bootstrap support > 80% and a pairwise gene distance less than or equal to 0.03. Factors correlated with MTCs were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. The chi-square test was used to compare differences between Chinese and Burmese participants belonging to MTCs.ResultsA total of 900 people had their pol gene successfully sequenced. Twenty-one MTCs were identified and included 110 individuals (12.2%). Individuals in MTCs were more likely to be Burmese [aOR = 2.24 (95% CI: 1.33, 3.79), P = 0.003], be younger [aOR = 0.34 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.58), P < 0.001 for age 26–50 vs. 25 years or younger], have a lower CD4 T cell count [aOR = 2.86 (95% CI: 1.34, 6.11), P = 0.007 for < 200 vs. 350 or greater], and have subtypes CRF07_BC or C [CRF07_BC: aOR = 7.88 (95% CI: 3.55, 17.52), P < 0.001; C: aOR = 2.38 (95% CI: 1.23, 4.62), P = 0.010 compared to CRF01_AE]. In MTCs, Burmese were younger (89.7 vs. 57.7% for age 25 years or younger), had a lower education level (41.0 vs. 8.5% for illiterate), were more likely to be infected through injection drug use (35.9 vs. 12.7%), and had a higher proportion of subtype BC (33.3 vs. 15.5%) and CRF01_AE (20.5 vs. 8.5%) compared to Chinese (P < 0.05 for all).ConclusionBurmese participants were more likely to belong to MTCs, and most MTCs had both Burmese and Chinese participants. These data highlight the bidirectional transmission of HIV-1 frequently transmission and close relationship among immigrants in the China–Myanmar border region. Local health departments should pay more attention to HIV screening and intervention to immigrants Burmese with the characteristics of younger age, having lower CD4 T cell count and infected with HIV subtypes CRF07_ BC or C.

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HIV-1 Subtype distribution in morocco based on national sentinel surveillance data 2004-2005

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

The epidemiology of HIV infection in Morocco: systematic review and data synthesis

The epidemiology of HIV infection in Morocco: systematic review and data synthesis

Genetic diversity and antiretroviral resistance-associated mutation profile of treated and naive HIV-1 infected patients from the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon

Frequently Transmission and Close Relationship Among Immigrants in the China–Myanmar Border Region Indicated by Molecular Transmission Analysis From a Cross-Sectional Data

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