HIV-1 Transmission, Replication Fitness and Disease Progression

Biesinger, Tasha; Kimata, Jason T.

doi:10.4137/vrt.s860

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 228 publications

(243 reference statements)

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“…When stratifying the data, we found lower prevalence of DRM in the set of sequences included in transmission clusters ( Table 3 ). This result is consistent with the decreased replication fitness of viruses harboring DRM [ 11 , 56 , 57 ]. In addition, statistical comparisons based on Pearson’s χ2-test revealed an increased number of sequences from treatment-naive patients included in the linked transmissions suggesting that naive individuals might be transmitting the virus in higher rates than treated or failing antiretroviral individuals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Short-Term Dynamic and Local Epidemiological Trends in the South American HIV-1B Epidemic

et al. 2016

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The human displacement and sexual behavior are the main factors driving the HIV-1 pandemic to the current profile. The intrinsic structure of the HIV transmission among different individuals has valuable importance for the understanding of the epidemic and for the public health response. The aim of this study was to characterize the HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) epidemic in South America through the identification of transmission links and infer trends about geographical patterns and median time of transmission between individuals. Sequences of the protease and reverse transcriptase coding regions from 4,810 individuals were selected from GenBank. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were inferred and submitted to ClusterPicker to identify transmission links. Bayesian analyses were applied only for clusters including ≥5 dated samples in order to estimate the median maximum inter-transmission interval. This study analyzed sequences sampled from 12 South American countries, from individuals of different exposure categories, under different antiretroviral profiles, and from a wide period of time (1989–2013). Continentally, Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela were revealed important sites for the spread of HIV-1B among countries inside South America. Of note, from all the clusters identified about 70% of the HIV-1B infections are primarily occurring among individuals living in the same geographic region. In addition, these transmissions seem to occur early after the infection of an individual, taking in average 2.39 years (95% CI 1.48–3.30) to succeed. Homosexual/Bisexual individuals transmit the virus as quickly as almost half time of that estimated for the general population sampled here. Public health services can be broadly benefitted from this kind of information whether to focus on specific programs of response to the epidemic whether as guiding of prevention campaigns to specific risk groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Short-Term Dynamic and Local Epidemiological Trends in the South American HIV-1B Epidemic

et al. 2016

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“…2,3 Each transmission route represents a distinct microenvironment and consequently a unique set of factors influencing transmission of selected viral variants. 4 The nature of the genital mucosal surfaces, gender, age of the transmitter or recipient, host immunology, and viral characteristics play important roles during HIV transmission. 5 The observation that 70% of HIV-1-exposed infants remain uninfected even in the absence of any antiretroviral therapy underlines the importance of viral determinants in vertical transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Env gp120 Sequences Among Four Drug-Naive Families Following Subsequent Heterosexual and Vertical Transmissions

Duri

Gumbo²,

Kristiansen³

et al. 2012

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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To characterize phylogenetic relatedness of plasma HIV-1 RNA subtype C env gp120 viral variants capable of establishing an infection following heterosexual and subsequent vertical transmission events a 650-base pair fragment within the C2-V5 subregion was sequenced from four HIV-1-infected families each consisting of biological parent(s), index children (first), and subsequent (second) siblings. None of the family members had received antiretroviral therapy at the time of sample collection. Sequence alignment and analysis were done using Gene Doc, Clustal X, and MEGA software programs. Second siblings' sequences were homogeneous and clustered in a single branch while first siblings' sequences were more heterogeneous, clustering in separate branches, suggestive of more than one donor variants responsible for the infection or evolution from founder variant(s) could have occurred. While the directionality for heterosexual transmission could not be determined, homogeneous viral variants were a unique characteristic of maternal variants as opposed to the more heterogeneous paternal variants. Analysis of families' sequences demonstrated a localized expansion of the subtype C infection. We demonstrated that families' sequences clustered quite closely with other regional HIV-1 subtype C sequences supported by a bootstrap value of 86%, confirming the difficulty of classifying subtype C sequences on a geographic basis. Data are indicative of several mechanisms that may be involved in both vertical and heterosexual transmission. Larger studies are warranted to address the caveats of this study and build on the strengths. Our study could be the beginning of family-based HIV-1 intervention research in Zimbabwe.

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“…In the plasma of recently infected individuals, HIV-1 genetic diversity is low [7], and the invading viral population is exposed to selective pressures that affect viral fitness, thereby allowing unique viral genomes to prevail [8, 9]. In addition, the diversification of viral isolates is influenced by other means, such as error-prone reverse transcriptase activity [10], extensive viral recombination [11, 12], and viral escape from adaptive immunity [13, 14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma HIV-1 Envelope Sequences Isolated From a Single Donor with HIV Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment

Vázquez-Santiago

García

Rivera-Román

et al. 2015

J Virol Antivir Res

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Objective Combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) has changed the clinical presentation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) to that of the milder forms of the disease. Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) is now more prevalent and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality risk in HIV-1–infected people. HIV-1 envelope (env) genetic heterogeneity has been detected within the central nervous system (CNS) of individuals with ANI. Changes within env determine co-receptor use, cellular tropism, and neuropathogenesis. We hypothesize that compartmental changes are associated with HIV-1 env C2V4 during ANI and sought to analyze paired HIV-1 env sequences from plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a female subject undergoing long-term cART. Methods Paired plasma and CSF samples were collected at 12-month intervals and HIV-1 env C2V4 was cloned and sequenced. Results Phylogenetic analysis of paired samples consistently showed genetic variants unique to the CSF. Phenotypic prediction showed CCR5 (R5) variants for all CSF-derived sequences and showed minor X4 variants (or dual-tropic) in the plasma at later time points. Viral compartmentalization was evident throughout the study, suggesting that the occurrence of distinctive env strains may contribute to the neuropathogenesis of HAND. Conclusions Our study provides new insights about the genetic characteristics within the C2V4 of HIV-1 env that persist after long-term cART and during the course of persistent ANI.

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HIV-1 Transmission, Replication Fitness and Disease Progression

Cited by 10 publications

References 228 publications

Short-Term Dynamic and Local Epidemiological Trends in the South American HIV-1B Epidemic

Short-Term Dynamic and Local Epidemiological Trends in the South American HIV-1B Epidemic

Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Env gp120 Sequences Among Four Drug-Naive Families Following Subsequent Heterosexual and Vertical Transmissions

Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma HIV-1 Envelope Sequences Isolated From a Single Donor with HIV Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment

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