HIV and HCV infection among drug users in Japan

Wada, Kiyoshi; Greberman, Sharyn Bowman; Konuma, Kyohei; Hirai, Shinji

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.947106311.x

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Posttransfusion hepatitis B infection accounts for less than 50 cases per year. The HBV carrier rate is very low among intravenous drug users in Japan [Wada et al, 1999]. Consequently, a major cause of acute HBV infection is sexual intercourse with an HBV-positive partner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predominance of genotype A HBV in an HBV‐HIV‐1 dually positive population compared with an HIV‐1–negative counterpart in Japan

Koibuchi

Hitani

Nakamura

et al. 2001

Journal of Medical Virology

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has seven genotypes, A to G. Previous studies have shown that genotype C is the most prevalent strain in chronic HBV carriers in East Asia. This study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology of HBV genotypes among Japanese patients who are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The sequences of the complete hepatitis B surface antifen (HBsAg) genes were obtained from 18 coinfected Japanese patients. Among the 18 patients, 12 of 13 men who had sex with men (MSM) had genotype A (92%), whereas only one of five heterosexual or hemophiliac patients had genotype A. The predominance of genotype A HBV in MSM showed a striking contrast to the current genotype prevalence in the Japanese population. Owing to the recent decrease in the rate of vertical transmission in Japan, the role of sexual behavior in the transmission of HBV cannot be overestimated. Thus, the relative proportion of genotype A may gradually increase in Japan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predominance of genotype A HBV in an HBV‐HIV‐1 dually positive population compared with an HIV‐1–negative counterpart in Japan

Koibuchi

Hitani

Nakamura

et al. 2001

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was also Pellegrino andBayer (1998), Friedman et al (2003), Su (1991) Marijuana Cabral (2006), Friedman et al (2003), Cabral and Staab (2005), Tashkin et al (2002), Cabral and Dove Pettit (1998) Opioids Vallejo et al (2004), Friedman et al (2003, Welters (2003), Blahoutova et al (2003), Alonzo and Bayer (2002), Nunez and Urzua (1999), Roy and Loh (1996), McBride et al (1996), Adler et al (1993), Carr and Serou (1995), Rouveix (1992) shown to be a significant problem among methamphetamine users, probably because of a high rate of needle and/or syringe sharing. Wada et al (1999) conducted a cross-sectional survey of infection among drug users in Japan to assess seroprevalence of HIV, HCV, injecting drug use, unsafe sexual behaviors, self-mutilation, and tattoos in patients attending a drug and alcohol treatment center. Although HIV infection was found to be negligible, it was indicated that the very high rate of needle and syringe sharing posed a risk for an increase in HIV transmission among drug users.…”

Section: Amphetaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs of Abuse, Immune Modulation, and AIDS

Cabral

2006

Jrnl Neuroimmune Pharm

112

100

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Illicit drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, and opiates alter immune function and decrease host resistance to microbes in vitro and in experimental animal models. Effects on the immune system may be mediated indirectly as a result of drug interactions in the central nervous system (CNS) or directly through activation of cognate receptors on various immune cell types. For marijuana and opioids, seven-transmembranal G protein-coupled receptors have been identified in the CNS and in the immune system that may play a functionally relevant role in immune modulation. There is accumulating evidence that sigma(1) receptors play a comparable role in cocaine-mediated alteration of immune responses. A mode by which these exogenously introduced substances affects immunity and host resistance may be by perturbing the balance of Th(1) proinflammatory versus Th(2) anti-inflammatory cytokines and lipid bioeffectors. However, while illicit drugs have been documented to alter immune functions in vitro and in animal models, there is a paucity of controlled longitudinal epidemiological studies that definitively correlate immunosuppressive effects with increased incidence of infections or immune disorders in humans, including infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or disease progression to AIDS.

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“…Applying these exclusion criteria eliminated some reports which are often cited as evidence of HCV prevalence in NIDUs (Conry-Cantilena et al, 1996;Fingerhood et al, 1993;Shirin et al, 2000;Wada et al, 1999). Additionally, we excluded reports that provided only aggregate estimates combining IDUs and never-injectors.…”

Section: Exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-injection drug use and Hepatitis C Virus: A systematic review

Scheinmann

Hagan

Leluţiu-Weinberger

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

170

121

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This systematic review examined the evidence on the prevalence of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in non-injecting drug users (NIDUs) who sniff, smoke or snort drugs such as heroin, cocaine, crack or methamphetamine. The search included studies published from January 1989 to January 2006. Twenty-eight eligible studies were identified and the prevalence of HCV in these NIDU populations ranged from 2.3% to 35.3%. There was substantial variation in study focus and in the quality of the NIDU data presented in the studies. The results of our systematic review suggested that there are important gaps in the research of HCV in NIDUs. We identified a problem of study focus; much of the research did not aim to study HCV in users of non-injection drugs. Instead, NIDUs were typically included as a secondary research concern, with a principal focus on the problem of transmission of HCV in IDU populations. Despite methodological issues, HCV prevalence in this population is much higher than in a non-drug using population, even though some IDUs might have inadvertently been included in the NIDU samples. These studies point to a real problem of HCV in NIDU populations, but the causal pathway to infection remains unclear.

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HIV and HCV infection among drug users in Japan

Cited by 28 publications

References 9 publications

Predominance of genotype A HBV in an HBV‐HIV‐1 dually positive population compared with an HIV‐1–negative counterpart in Japan

Predominance of genotype A HBV in an HBV‐HIV‐1 dually positive population compared with an HIV‐1–negative counterpart in Japan

Drugs of Abuse, Immune Modulation, and AIDS

Non-injection drug use and Hepatitis C Virus: A systematic review

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