HIV, Antiretroviral Therapy and Metabolic Alterations: A Review

Abstract

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has caused some metabolic problems to people who suffer from HIV. ART probably is not the sole reason for these metabolic disorders. Most likely, HIV itself affects the metabolism as well. We conducted research to find the prevalence of the different types of metabolic disorders among HIV(+) patients. Female gender, high BMI, and older age are among the risk factors for the occurrence of metabolic disorders. Regarding dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are the most common types of dyslipidemia in the studies we included. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are widely known as the most common class of antiretroviral drugs that cause metabolic disorders, and some studies in our review also demonstrated this knowledge. In our review, we concluded that HIV and ART concurrently alter the metabolism, but further research is required about this substantial topic.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy-silver nanoparticle conjugate interacts with neuronal and glial cells and alleviates anxiety-like behaviour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

“…Despite the bene ts of HAART, its long-term use and systemic exposure has been strongly linked with various metabolic disturbances such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Nansseu et al, 2018). Previous studies have reported that initiation of HAART increases the risk of diabetes mellitus (Ergin et al, 2020;Nansseu et al, 2018). The mechanism by which HAART causes diabetes has been attributed to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to cell toxicity (Hulgan et al, 2003;Nsonwu-Anyanwu et al, 2017;Sharma, 2014).…”

A Critical Review of the Biochemical Mechanisms and Epigenetic Modifications in HIV- and Antiretroviral-Induced Metabolic Syndrome

“…However, the use of HAART promotes metabolic complications that resemble MetS in people living with HIV (PLWH) [ 13 , 14 ]. The prevalence of MetS following ARV treatment varies over different studies, with some exceeding 30%, further highlighting the need for future studies [ 15 ].…”

Metabolic Changes in Pediatric HIV-Positive Patients and Potential Lifestyle Interventional Strategies

“…Since the 1980s, the prevalence and mortality of HIV have been intensely studied to reduce the mortality rate as the disease spreads globally. With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV has changed from a deadly disease to a chronic disease with more infected people surviving long-term [1,2]. This increase in survival has shed light on chronic comorbidities and the long-term effects that carry to adulthood.…”

“…Metabolic changes in HIV patients have been well-studied and reported over the years. Many studies have found that the cardiometabolic effects are multifactorial, with HIV, ART, and poor lifestyle habits playing major roles [1][2][3]. More notably, protease inhibitors are the more common class of ART to cause these metabolic changes and when coupled with the pro-inflammatory and immune dysregulation state caused by the disease, HIV patients are at higher rates of cardiometabolic changes and their sequelae.…”