HIV-Associated Urogenital Malignancies

Hentrich, Marcus; Pfister, D.

doi:10.1159/000457130

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Particularly for Human-immunodeficiency virus (HIV), authors first identified a pooled OR of 1.79 (94). This evidence was subsequently confirmed by several studies showing a relative risk ranging from 0.7 to 3.1 [reviewed in Hentrich and Pfister (95)]. However, as for EBV, a clear mechanistic model explaining the association between TC and HIV is currently under debate.…”

Section: Environmentmentioning

confidence: 71%

Testicular Cancer: Genes, Environment, Hormones

et al. 2019

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Testicular cancer (TC) represents one of the most peculiar clinical challenges at present. In fact, currently treatments are so effective ensuring a 5 years disease-free survival rate in nearly 95% of patients. On the other hand however, TC represents the most frequent newly diagnosed form of cancer in men between the ages of 14 and 44 years, with an incidence ranging from <1 to 9.9 affected individuals per 100,000 males across countries, while the overall incidence is also increasing worldwide. Furthermore, cancer survivors show a 2% risk of developing cancer in the contralateral testis within 15 years of initial diagnosis. This complex and multifaceted scenario requires a great deal of effort to understand the clinical base of available evidence. It is now clear that genetic, environmental and hormonal risk factors concur and mutually influence both the development of the disease and its prognosis, in terms of response to treatment and the risk of recurrence. In this paper, the most recent issues describing the relative contribution of the aforementioned risk factors in TC development are discussed. In addition, particular attention is paid to the exposure to environmental chemical substances and thermal stress, whose role in cancer development and progression has recently been investigated at the molecular level.

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Section: Environmentmentioning

confidence: 71%

Testicular Cancer: Genes, Environment, Hormones

et al. 2019

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“…Testis cancer, in particular seminoma and extragonadal germ cell cancer occur with a slightly greater risk in HIV-infected patients, without relation to CD4 count (two large series with 34 and 35 patients each one, reported the median CD4 count at cancer diagnosis was 325 and 315 cells/µL, respectively) [ 27 ]. Germ-cell tumors ranked third in frequency in males in our series (10.7%); mean age was 33 years, similar to the age reported in general population (25–45 years).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-AIDS defining cancer (NADC) among HIV-infected patients at an oncology tertiary-care center in Mexico

2018

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BackgroundNon-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs) have been an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV. There is no data on the spectrum of NADCs in Mexico. We describe the type of neoplasms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of HIV-infected patients with NADCs.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of all patients with confirmed diagnosis of NADC attending the HIV/AIDS clinic at the National Cancer Institute in Mexico City (a tertiary-care center for adult patients with cancer) from January 1990 to December 2016.ResultsFrom 1126 HIV-positive individuals seen at the institute since 1990, 127 (11.3%) were diagnosed with NADCs; seven patients developed two NADCs during their follow-up. At diagnosis of NADC median age was 43.7 ± 10.9 years; 101 (79.5%) were male; median CD4 was 273 cells/mm3, 70 patients had a CD4 count of > 200 cells/mm3, 73 had undetectable HIV viral load and 82 had taken combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) for more than 1 year. The most frequent NADCs were in men, Hodgkin lymphoma (34.3%) followed by anal cancer (15.7%), whereas in women, were vulvo-vaginal cancers associated to human papilloma virus (HPV) (51.8%), followed by breast cancer (25.9%). The main risk factor associated with death was cancer progression or relapse (OR, 28.2, 2.5–317.1; p = 0.007).ConclusionsHL- and HPV-related neoplasms are the commonest NADC in a cancer referral hospital from a middle-income country with universal access to cART since year 2005. Screening for early anogenital lesions should be emphasized in patients with HIV. It is essential to establish multidisciplinary groups involving Hemato-oncologists, Oncologists, Gynecologists, and HIV Specialists in the treatment of these patients.

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“…In Western countries, the majority of HIV-infected people are men, thus explaining why the incidence of testicular cancer is also increased in men with HIV [75]. In a 2017 review, Hentrich showed that seminoma and extragonadal germ cell cancer are more frequent in HIV-infected patients, whereas the risk for nonseminoma was marginally increased [76]. In the same way, HPV is closely linked with infertility in males and the role of this virus in testicular carcinogenesis cannot be excluded [66].…”

Section: Testicular Cancer (Tc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Sexual Activity on the Risk of Male Genital Tumors: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Crocetto

Arcaniolo

Napolitano

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Most cancers are related to lifestyle and environmental risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, and environment (occupational exposures). A growing interest in the association between sexual activity (SA) and the development of different types of tumors in both men and women has been recorded in recent years. The aim of the present systematic review is to describe and critically discuss the current evidence regarding the association between SA and male genital cancers (prostatic, penile, and testicular), and to analyze the different theories and biological mechanisms reported in the literature. A comprehensive bibliographic search in the MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed in July 2021. Papers in the English language without chronological restrictions were selected. Retrospective and prospective primary clinical studies, in addition to previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses, were included. A total of 19 studies, including 953,704 patients were selected. Case reports, conference abstracts, and editorial comments were excluded. Men with more than 20 sexual partners in their lifetime, and those reporting more than 21 ejaculations per month, reported a decreased risk of overall and less aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). About 40% of penile cancers (PCs) were HPV-associated, with HPV 16 being the dominant genotype. Data regarding the risk of HPV in circumcised patients are conflicting, although circumcision appears to have a protective role against PC. Viral infections and epididymo-orchitis are among the main sex-related risk factors studied for testicular cancer (TC); however, data in the literature are limited. Testicular trauma can allow the identification of pre-existing TC. SA is closely associated with the development of PC through high-risk HPV transmission; in this context, phimosis appears to be a favoring factor. Sexual behaviors appear to play a significant role in PCa pathogenesis, probably through inflammatory mechanisms; however, protective sexual habits have also been described. A direct correlation between SA and TC has not yet been proven, although infections remain the most studied sex-related factor.

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HIV-Associated Urogenital Malignancies

Cited by 11 publications

References 64 publications

Testicular Cancer: Genes, Environment, Hormones

Testicular Cancer: Genes, Environment, Hormones

Non-AIDS defining cancer (NADC) among HIV-infected patients at an oncology tertiary-care center in Mexico

Impact of Sexual Activity on the Risk of Male Genital Tumors: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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