HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus co-infections among injecting drug users in Tehran, Iran

Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Razaghi, Emran; Sahimi-Izadian, Elaheh; Amin-Esmaeili, Ma­soumeh

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.03.002

Cited by 76 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Factors related to hepatitis B and C virus infections appear to be similar among IDUs. The findings explain the reasons behind the high rate of co-infections found in our study and explained elsewhere (52). Since 2005, there have been continuous efforts to increase coverage of harm-reduction interventions in Iran.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Studysupporting

confidence: 79%

Factors Correlated With Hepatitis C and B Virus Infections Among Injecting Drug Users in Tehran, IR Iran

et al. 2012

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This article presents that IDUs are highly at risk of hepatitis B and C virus infections. This has an important implication for those who are involved in planning for providing harm reduction services, especially in prison settings. Background:In Iran, the number of injecting drug users (IDUs) has increased in recent years. The rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections among IDUs are reportedly high. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess factors correlated with HCV and HBV infections among IDUs in Tehran. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study included 899 IDUs recruited from the community, drug treatment centers, and drop-in-centers. The study involved interviews conducted using an adapted version of the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II (Version 2b) questionnaire and blood testing for the HCV antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, and hepatitis B core antibody. A logistic regression model was used to identify independent factors correlated with HCV and HBV infections. Results: HCV infection was found to be primarily associated with female gender [odds ratio (OR) 5.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-10.0)], unmarried status (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9-4.4), drug use for more than 10 years (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.8-3.9), drug injection frequency of more than once per day (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-4.2), history of imprisonment (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6-4.0)], and a history of shared injection needles in prison (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.6). HBV infection was mainly correlated with a history of imprisonment (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.7) and drug use for more than 10 years (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.9). Conclusions: Because a considerable number of IDUs in Iran are receiving reduction services, tailoring services for prevention of hepatitis infection are necessary.

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Section: Limitations Of the Studysupporting

confidence: 79%

Factors Correlated With Hepatitis C and B Virus Infections Among Injecting Drug Users in Tehran, IR Iran

et al. 2012

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“…People who inject drugs are the most HIV-infected population in Iran and contribute to approximately 67% of all identified cases of HIV infection in the country (4). Different studies on PWID in different settings in Iran show that HIV prevalence in this population reached a noticeable level among this population (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). A systematic review showed that the pooled HIV prevalence of studies after 2005 was 18.4%, which was significantly higher than the prevalence before the date (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adding-On a Brief Skill-Based HIV Prevention Psychoeducation to Needle and Syringe Programs: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hajebi

Naserbakht

Noroozi

2016

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci

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Background: It is estimated that there are 180,000 people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran. To reduce HIV-related high-risk behaviours among PWID, primary needle and syringe programs (NSPs) are delivered through drop-in centres (DICs) in Iran since 2002, but there is a paucity of research on the differential effectiveness of psychosocial components of NSPs on high-risk injection and sexual behaviours of drug users.

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“…Iran -Tehran (2007) [60] PWIDs (n = 899) [61] Blood donors (n = 8190) 0 Cross-sectional Isolated: 0.9% Isolated: 1.4%…”

Section: Hiv and Tb In Mena Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment: Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa

Sardashti

Samaei

Firouzeh

et al. 2015

WJV

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New World Health Organization guidelines recommend the initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for asymptomatic patients with CD4+ T-cell counts of ≤ 500 cells/mm 3 . Substantial reduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is addressed as a major public health outcome of this new approach. Middle East and North Africa (MENA), known as the area of controversies in terms of availability of comprehensive data, has shown concentrated epidemics among most of it's at risk population groups. Serious challenges impede the applicability of new guidelines in the MENA Region. Insufficient resources restrict ART coverage to less than 14%, while only one fourth of the countries had reportable data on patients' CD4 counts at the time of diagnosis. Clinical guidelines need to be significantly modified to reach practical utility, and surveillance systems have not yet been developed in many countries of MENA. Based on available evidence in several countries people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men are increasingly vulnerable to HIV and viral hepatitis, while their sexual partners -either female sex workers or women in monogamous relationships with high-risk men -are potential bridging populations that are not appropriately addressed by regional programs. Research to monitor the response to ART among the mentioned groups are seriously lacking, while drug resistant HIV strains and limited information on adherence patterns to treatment regimens require urgent recognition by health policymakers. Commitment to defined goals in the fight against HIV, development of innovative methods to improve registration and reporting systems, monitoring and evaluation of current programs followed by costeffective modifications are proposed as effective steps to be acknowledged by National AIDS Programs of the countries of MENA Region. 134 MINIREVIEWSSubmit a

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HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus co-infections among injecting drug users in Tehran, Iran

Abstract: In general, co-infection with these three blood-borne viruses is common among IDUs. Since co-infection increases the morbidity and mortality of all infections, the observed level of co-infection in the high number of IDUs in Iran necessitates a serious comprehensive response.

Cited by 76 publications

References 22 publications

Factors Correlated With Hepatitis C and B Virus Infections Among Injecting Drug Users in Tehran, IR Iran

Factors Correlated With Hepatitis C and B Virus Infections Among Injecting Drug Users in Tehran, IR Iran

Adding-On a Brief Skill-Based HIV Prevention Psychoeducation to Needle and Syringe Programs: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment: Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa

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