HIV infection and immune activation

Boulougoura, Afroditi; Sereti, Irini

doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000241

Cited by 89 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Treating a TB and HIV coinfection is clinically challenging; drug interference and toxicity prevents the respective treatments from being combined, leading clinicians to favor one treatment over the other (Djimeu and Heard, 2019). It has been shown that TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome can develop when ART is initiated (Worodria et al, 2011;Abay et al, 2015;Haridas et al, 2015;Boulougoura and Sereti, 2016). Importantly, ART-controlled HIV infection appears to interfere with TB infection (Worodria et al, 2018;Holmberg et al, 2019).…”

Section: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In Adipose Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Biological Features of Adipose Tissue, and Their Impact on HIV Persistence

et al. 2019

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Although white AT can contribute to anti-infectious immune responses, it can also be targeted and perturbed by pathogens. The AT's immune involvement is primarily due to strong pro-inflammatory responses (with both local and paracrine effects), and the large number of fat-resident macrophages. Adipocytes also exert direct antimicrobial responses. In recent years, it has been found that memory T cells accumulate in AT, where they provide efficient secondary responses against viral pathogens. These observations have prompted researchers to re-evaluate the links between obesity and susceptibility to infections. In contrast, AT serves as a reservoir for several persistence pathogens, such as human adenovirus Ad-36, Trypanosoma gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza A virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The presence and persistence of bacterial DNA in AT has led to the concept of a tissuespecific microbiota. The unexpected coexistence of immune cells and pathogens within the specific AT environment is intriguing, and its impact on anti-infectious immune responses requires further evaluation. AT has been recently identified as a site of HIV persistence. In the context of HIV infection, AT is targeted by both the virus and the antiretroviral drugs. AT's intrinsic metabolic features, large overall mass, and wide distribution make it a major tissue reservoir, and one that may contribute to the pathophysiology of chronic HIV infections. Here, we review the immune, metabolic, viral, and pharmacological aspects that contribute to HIV persistence in AT. We also evaluate the respective impacts of both intrinsic and HIV-induced factors on AT's involvement as a viral reservoir. Lastly, we examine the potential consequences of HIV persistence on the metabolic and immune activities of AT.

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Section: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In Adipose Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Biological Features of Adipose Tissue, and Their Impact on HIV Persistence

et al. 2019

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“…A rapid increase in the number of CD4 + T cells present likely plays a critical role in the development of IRIS, as evidence suggests that a high baseline CD4 + T cell count is protective against developing IRIS, and conversely lower CD4 + T cell counts are predictive of IRIS development [139,140]. Thus, IRIS occurs while adaptive immunity is being restored following immunosuppression [141,142]. …”

Section: Unique Immunoregulatory Circumstancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases

2016

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This review addresses specific regulatory mechanisms involved in the host immune response to fungal organisms. We focus on key cells and regulatory pathways involved in these responses, including a brief overview of their broader function preceding a discussion of their specific relevance to fungal disease. Important cell types discussed include dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, with a focus on specific studies relating to their effects on immune responses to fungi. We highlight the interleukin-10, programmed cell death 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 signaling pathways and emphasize interrelationships between these pathways and the regulatory functions of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Throughout our discussion, we identify selected studies best illustrating the role of these cells and pathways in response to specific fungal pathogens to provide a contextual understanding of the tightly-controlled network of regulatory mechanisms critical to determining the outcome of exposure to fungal pathogens. Lastly, we discuss two unique phenomena relating to immunoregulation, protective tolerance and immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome. These two clinically-relevant conditions provide perspective as to the range of immunoregulatory mechanisms active in response to fungi.

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“…The introduction of combination ART in 1995-1996 substantially reduced the incidence of AIDSrelated, CMV-associated end-organ diseases [15]. CMV still contributes to morbidity and mortality in patients who initiate ART with low CD4 + T-cell counts, occasionally as a result of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome [16]. Many adults are initially infected with CMV during childhood or early adulthood, although the incidence continues to rise throughout adulthood, by approximately 1% annually [17].…”

Section: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Of CMVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytomegalovirus and HIV: A Dangerous Pas de Deux

2016

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults who take stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at risk for early onset of agerelated diseases. This is likely due to a complex interaction between traditional risk factors, HIV infection itself, and other factors, such as underlying immune dysfunction and persistent inflammation. HIV disrupts the balance between the host and coinfecting microbes, worsening control of these potential pathogens. For example, HIV-infected adults are more likely than the general population to have subclinical bursts of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication at mucosal sites. Production of antigens can activate the immune system and stimulate HIV replication, and it could contribute to the pathogenesis of adverse outcomes of aging, like cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive impairment. Further investigation of the relationships between CMV, immune dysfunction, and unsuccessful aging during chronic HIV infection is warranted.

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HIV infection and immune activation

Cited by 89 publications

References 85 publications

Specific Biological Features of Adipose Tissue, and Their Impact on HIV Persistence

Specific Biological Features of Adipose Tissue, and Their Impact on HIV Persistence

Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases

Cytomegalovirus and HIV: A Dangerous Pas de Deux

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