HIV-Infection Prediction and Co-morbid Risks for Cancer

Abstract

in men who have sex with men occur principally among conglomerates of acutely HIV-infected prolifically-promiscuous sexually active young men, within whom the acquisition and transmission of infection are related in space and time [10]. By the time the adopted antiretroviral treatment for prevention renders its effects, most of the new HIV infections in men who have sex with men would have occurred already. Taken on a global level, fewer than 6% of all reports regarding the HIV care-cascade from 1990 to 2016 included men who have sex with men, and only 2.3% concerned men who have sex with men in low/middleincome countries. Studying the expressions of human papillomavirus biomarkers for the prediction of anal histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in gay and bisexual men (N=617), aged 49 years, living in Sydney, Australia, it was found that all the disease biomarkers were associated markedly with the grade of human papillomavirus -associated anal lesions [11]. Risk factors for cancer in general among a Chinese population of HIV-infected individuals were: current smoking; 30.3%, current alcohol consumption; 24.4% and overweight and obesity 12.5% [12]; in this context, trends for individuals with AIDS also express the increased risk for developing cancers [13]. Further, Anal carcinoma expresses an elevated incidence among HIV-and AIDS-presenting individuals with human papillomavirus infection as the etiological basis of disorder thereby rendering more essential the adequate diagnosis and treatment of the precursor lesions, i.e., anal intraepithelial neoplasia [14]. A strongly marked burden of anal high-risk human papillomavirus infection, abnormal anal cytology, and high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions was observed in the cross-sectional cohort of HIV-infected female patients, aged 25-65 years, that were recruited from an HIV clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa [15], a sober indication of the prevalence of anal dysplasia in HIV-infected women from sub-Saharan Africa. Among HIV-negative women single low-risk human papillomavirus infections occurred in 12% of the women and multiple single low-risk human papillomavirus infections in 2%, with single high-risk human papillomavirus infections in 9%, and multiple high-risk human papillomavirus infections among 2% of the women. Single low-risk human papillomavirus infections were persistent in 6%, without persistent multiple high-risk human papillomavirus infections, with single high-risk human papillomavirus infections persistent in 4% and multiple high-risk human papillomavirus infections were persistent in 0.3%. On the other hand, among HIV-positive women at baseline, single low-risk human papillomavirus infections occurred in 19%, multiple single low-risk human papillomavirus in 6%, single highrisk human papillomavirus infections occurred in 17%, and multiple high-risk human papillomavirus infections in 12% [16].

HIV-Infection and Cardiovascular Health Hazards

“…As indicated previously [22], certain lifestyle interventions ought to be considered in order to alleviate the threat to health.…”