HIV Recovery from Saliva Before and After Dental Treatment: Inhibitors May Have Critical Role in Viral Inactivation

Moore, Barbara; Flaitz, Catherine M.; Coppenhaver, Dorian H.; Nichols, M.; Kalmaz, G. D.; Bessman, J. David; Cloyd, Miles W.; Lynch, D.P.; Prabhakar, Bellur S.; Baron, Samuel

doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1993.0197

Cited by 45 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…3,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Saliva HIV concentrations are lower than those in plasma, and HIV viral inhibitors have been found in saliva. [15][16][17][18] Although the lung is a separate immune compartment, it represents only one level of the respiratory system. Virtually all studies that have examined the lung compartment usually did so by BAL, which samples the distal respiratory tree.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of HIV Viral Loads From Different Levels of the Respiratory Tract*

Wood

Chaiyarit

Day

et al. 2003

Chest

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of HIV Viral Loads From Different Levels of the Respiratory Tract*

Wood

Chaiyarit

Day

et al. 2003

Chest

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“…Infection with HIV by the oral route is less efficient than through the rectal or vaginal mucosa (6,41), and the same has been observed for adult macaques experimentally exposed to SIV or simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) (42). It has been suggested that the adult oropharyngeal stratified epithelium has two lines of defense against HIV: (i) a mechanical barrier of stratified epithelia with tight junctions that prevent penetration of virions into the deeper layers of the epithelium, and (ii) antiviral innate proteins that inactivate those virions that penetrate into the first layers of epithelium (43,44); in addition to this, human and macaque saliva possess innate and adaptive immune factors that are capable of inhibiting HIV and SIV infection (45,46). However, the epidemiological evidence that coinfections or inflammation of the genital mucosa increases susceptibility to HIV infection (14)(15)(16)(17) raises the possibility that inflammation of the oral mucosa also could increase susceptibility to HIV infection by exposure through the oral route.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Mucosal Inflammation on Oral Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

Giavedoni

Chen

Hodara

et al. 2013

J Virol

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dMucosal tissues are the primary route of transmission for most respiratory and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There is epidemiological evidence that genital mucosal inflammation leads to enhanced HIV type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of periodontal inflammation on oral HIV transmission using a nonhuman primate model of teeth ligature-induced periodontitis. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was nontraumatically applied to the gingiva after moderate gingivitis was identified through clinical and immunologic analyses (presence of inflammatory cytokines). Overall oral SIV infection rates were similar in the gingivitis-induced and control groups (5 infections following 12 SIV administrations for each), although more macaques were infected with multiple viral variants in the gingivitis group. SIV infection also affected the levels of antiviral and inflammatory cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid, and a synergistic effect was observed, with alpha interferon and interferon-inducible protein 10 undergoing significant elevations following SIV infection in macaques with gingivitis compared to controls. These increases in antiviral and inflammatory immune modulators in the SIV-infected gingivitis macaques could also be observed in blood plasma, although the effects at both compartments were generally restricted to the acute phase of the infection. In conclusion, while moderate gingivitis was not associated with increased susceptibility to oral SIV infection, it resulted in elevated levels of cytokines in the oral mucosa and plasma of the SIV-infected macaques. These findings suggest a synergy between mucosal inflammation and SIV infection, creating an immune milieu that impacts the early stages of the SIV infection with potential implications for long-term pathogenesis.

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“…At the outset of the epidemic, there was concern that HIV might be transmitted casually from the oral secretions of HIV carriers during kissing, dental treatment, biting, and aerosolization. Later it became clear that oral transmission is actually a rare event (Rogers et al, 1990;Gooch et al, 1993;Moore et al, 1993). Correspondingly, the incidence of infected saliva in HIV carriers is low only 1%-although all carriers have infectious virus in their blood (Barr et al, 1992;Moore et al, 1993;Coppenhaver et al, 1994).…”

Section: Incidence Of Oral Transmission Of Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%