HIV-Related Stigma and Knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and Trends, 1991–1999

Herek, Gregory M.; Capitanio, John P.; Widaman, Keith F.

doi:10.2105/ajph.92.3.371

Cited by 752 publications

(616 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Fear has been shown to contribute to stigmatizing attitudes toward numerous attributes, health conditions and behaviors such as leprosy (Bainson and Van den Borne 1998), HIV/ AIDS (Herek, Capitanio and Widaman 2002) and mental illness (Link et al 1999). The reasons underlying these fears (e.g., contagion, unpredictability) and the evidence base for them varies for each condition and behavior.…”

Section: Fear and Stigmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status

Stuber

Galea

Link

2008

Social Science & Medicine

362

334

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An increase in the social unacceptability of smoking has dramatically decreased tobacco use in the USA. However, how policies (e.g., smoke free air laws) and social factors (e.g., social norms) drive the social unacceptability of tobacco use are not well understood. New research suggests that the stigmatization of smokers is an unrecognized force in the tobacco epidemic and could be one such mechanism. Thus, it is important to investigate the sources of smoker-related stigmatization as perceived by current and former smokers. In this study we draw on the broader literature about stigma formation in the context of the tobacco epidemic and examine the role of attribution, fear, tobacco control policies, power and social norms in the formation of smoker-related stigma. We test hypotheses about the determinants of stigma using a population-based sample of 816 current and former smokers in New York City. The results show that perceptions of individual attributions for smoking behavior and fear about the health consequences of second hand smoke are important influences on smoker-related stigmatization. Structural forms of discrimination perpetrated against smokers and former smokers (e.g., company policies against hiring smokers) are also related to smoker-related stigma. Respondents with more education perceive more smoker-related stigma than respondents with less education and, Black and Latino respondents perceive less smokerrelated stigma than White respondents. Social norms, specifically family and friends' expressed disapproval of smoking, contribute to the formation of smoker-related stigma. These findings suggest important points of leverage to harness the powerful role of stigma in the smoking epidemic and raise concerns about the possible role of stigma in the production of smoking disparities.

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Section: Fear and Stigmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status

Stuber

Galea

Link

2008

Social Science & Medicine

362

334

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…HIV/AIDS-related stigma is widely acknowledged as a barrier to public health efforts related to: HIV test-seeking and other preventive behaviors; care-seeking behavior upon diagnosis; quality of care provided to HIV-positive patients; disclosure of diagnoses to others; and the perceptions and treatment of persons living with HIV/AIDS by communities, families and partners. [59][60][61] …”

Section: Phase Iii: Community Mobilization Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laying the Foundation for Connect to Protect ®: A Multi-Site Community Mobilization Intervention to Reduce HIV/AIDS Incidence and Prevalence among Urban Youth

et al. 2006

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Despite the considerable resources that have been dedicated to HIV prevention interventions and services over the past decade, HIV incidence among young people in the United States remains alarmingly high. One reason is that the majority of prevention efforts continue to focus solely on modifying individual behavior, even though public health research strongly suggests that changes to a community's structural elements, such as their programs, practices, and laws or policies, may result in more effective and sustainable outcomes. Connect to Protect is a multi-city community mobilization intervention that focuses on altering or creating community structural elements in ways that will ultimately reduce youth HIV incidence and prevalence. The project, which spans 6 years, is sponsored by the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions at multiple urban clinical research sites. This paper provides an overview of the study's three phases and describes key factors in setting a firm foundation for the initiation and execution of this type of undertaking. Connect to Protect's community mobilization approach to achieving structural change represents a relatively new and broad direction in HIV prevention research. To optimize opportunities for its success, time and resources must be initially placed into laying the groundwork. This includes activities such as building a strong overarching study infrastructure to ensure protocol tasks can be met across sites; tapping into local site and community expertise and knowledge; forming collaborative relationships between sites and community organizations and members; and fostering community input on and support for changes at a structural level. Failing to take steps such as these may lead to insurmountable implementation problems for an intervention of this kind.

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“…The availability of ART and subsequent change in perceptions of HIV and AIDS as a manageable chronic disease has led to a decrease in stigma and discrimination in the industrialised world (Herek, Capitanio, & Widaman, 2002). The situation is different in countries in Africa (UNAIDS, 2007) where ART has only recently become available to a large number of people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived stigma among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment: A prospective randomised trial comparing an m-DOT strategy with standard-of- care in Kenya

Kaai

Bullock

Sarna³

et al. 2010

SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS

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HIV and AIDS remain highly stigmatised. Modified directly observed therapy (m-DOT) supports antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence but little is known about its association with perceived stigma in resource-constrained settings. In 2003, 234 HIV-infected adults enrolled in a two-arm randomised trial comparing a health centre-based m-DOT strategy with standard self-administration of ART. Data on perceived stigma were collected using Berger's HIV stigma scale prior to starting ART and after 12 months. This was a secondary analysis to examine whether perceived stigma was related to treatment delivery. Perceived stigma scores declined after 12 months of treatment from a mean of 44.9 (sd=7.6) to a mean of 41.4 (sd=7.7), (t=6.14, P<0.001). No differences were found between the mean scores of participants in both study arms. Also, no difference in scores was detected using GLM, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and baseline scores. Findings indicate that a well managed clinic-based m-DOT does not increase perceived HIV-related stigma.

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HIV-Related Stigma and Knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and Trends, 1991–1999

Cited by 752 publications

References 29 publications

Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status

Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status

Laying the Foundation for Connect to Protect ®: A Multi-Site Community Mobilization Intervention to Reduce HIV/AIDS Incidence and Prevalence among Urban Youth

Perceived stigma among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment: A prospective randomised trial comparing an m-DOT strategy with standard-of- care in Kenya

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