HIV-Specific T-Helper Activity in Seronegative Health Care Workers Exposed to Contaminated Blood

Clerici, Mario; Levin, James; Kessler, Harold A.; Harris, Angelique; Berzofsky, Jay A.; Landay, Alan; Shearer, Gene M.

doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510250058035

Cited by 162 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In addition to our study, which showed the existence of early conformationspecific anti-gp41 antibodies, T cells reactive to HIV peptides were present in high-risk, EIA-negative persons [31,74]. In addition, in some early infected EIA-negative patients, B cells, which make anti-HIV antibodies, can be expanded from peripheral blood in vitro [33].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) That Recognize Conformational Epitopes of Glycoproteins 160 and 41 Often Allows for Early Diagnosis of HIV Infection

Chen

Wang²,

Chen³

et al. 2002

J INFECT DIS

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On the basis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) needlestick studies, the time to seroconversion for anti-HIV antibodies is 1-9 months (mean, approximately 2-3 months). However, an earlier marker of an immune response to HIV often occurs-serum anti-HIV antibodies reactive with live HIV-infected cells, termed "early HIV antibodies." The specificities of these antibodies are characterized by the recognition of type-specific conformational epitopes of the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp) 160 and gp41. By use of a third-generation native HIV(IIIB) gp160 enzyme immunoassay (EIA), detection of HIV antibodies occurred, on average, 33 days earlier than did detection by commercial EIA and 25 days earlier than did detection by the reference antigen and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays in 3 of 5 HIV seroconversion panels. A fourth panel possessed early HIV antibodies that reacted with HIV(213) but not with HIV(IIIB), allowing for detection of HIV antibodies approximately 3 weeks earlier than by RT-PCR or other current tests.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) That Recognize Conformational Epitopes of Glycoproteins 160 and 41 Often Allows for Early Diagnosis of HIV Infection

Chen

Wang²,

Chen³

et al. 2002

J INFECT DIS

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“…Studies of prostitutes [73,74], healthcare workers exposed to contaminated blood [75], sexual partners of HIV-infected individuals [76,77] and children born to HIV-infected mothers [78 -80] have shown that individuals exposed to HIV but whose infection is undetectable often have cell-mediated immune responses to HIV antigens in the absence of detectable antibody. These studies suggest that some individuals may be able to control or even eliminate an HIV infection and that cell-mediated immunity in the absence of antibody is the optimally protective immune response.…”

Section: Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals who have been exposed to HIV via a needlestick often have HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses following exposure but no HIV-specific antibody [75]. These individuals remain HIV-negative, suggesting the cell-mediated immune response may have cleared the virus or contained it at very low levels.…”

Section: Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination against and treatment of tuberculosis, the leishmaniases and AIDS: perspectives from basic immunology and immunity to chronic intracellular infections

Bretsche¹,

Ismail

Menon³

et al. 2001

CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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The occurrence of infectious disease represents a failure of the immune system, a failure that must be prevented by effective vaccination or remedied by treatment. Vaccination against acute diseases such as smallpox and polio are very effective, due to the rapid and increased immune response of vaccinated individuals upon natural infection. In contrast, effective vaccination against intracellular pathogens that cause chronic diseases, such as the leishmaniases, tuberculosis and AIDS, has not been achieved. Clinical observations suggest cell-mediated, Th1 responses, exclusive of antibody production and the generation of Th2 cells, are optimally protective against these intracellular pathogens. Effective vaccination must ensure the generation of such a protective response. We explore here whether understanding very broad features of the regulation of the immune response can accommodate modern findings on the immunological features of these diseases, and provide a perspective within which strategies for effective vaccination and treatment can be developed.

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“…First, there are individuals who have been exposed to HIV, in some cases repeatedly and over long periods of time, who have remained HIVuninfected. Such Bexposed-uninfecteds^have been reported among commercial sex workers, [1][2][3][4] individuals having unprotected sex with seropositive partners, 5,6 infants born to HIV-infected mothers, 7,8 health workers with accidental occupational exposure, 9,10 intravenous drug users using contaminated needles, 11 and hemophiliacs exposed to HIV-infected blood. 12 Second, there are individuals who have become infected with HIV but whose disease has not progressed or has progressed very slowly compared to the average experience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to HIV Infection

et al. 2006

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The biological correlates of an effective immune response that could contain or prevent HIV infection remain elusive despite substantial scientific accomplishments in understanding the interactions among the virus, the individual and the community. The observation that some individuals appear to possess resistance to HIV infection or its consequences has generated a host of epidemiologic investigations to identify biological or behavioral characteristics of these individuals. These data might hold the keys to developing appropriate strategies for mimicking the effective responses of those who appear immune. In this paper we review genetic mechanisms including the role of chemokines and their receptors, cytokines, host genetic immune response to HIV infection, local immune response correlating with behavioral variables, co-infection and immune based mechanisms that have been elucidated so far. We offer suggestions for how to use these observations as platforms for future research to further understand natural resistance to HIV infection through cohort studies, population genotype sampling, mathematical modeling of virus-host interactions and behavioral analyses.

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HIV-Specific T-Helper Activity in Seronegative Health Care Workers Exposed to Contaminated Blood

Cited by 162 publications

References 26 publications

Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) That Recognize Conformational Epitopes of Glycoproteins 160 and 41 Often Allows for Early Diagnosis of HIV Infection

Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) That Recognize Conformational Epitopes of Glycoproteins 160 and 41 Often Allows for Early Diagnosis of HIV Infection

Vaccination against and treatment of tuberculosis, the leishmaniases and AIDS: perspectives from basic immunology and immunity to chronic intracellular infections

Resistance to HIV Infection

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