HIV Type 2 in New York City, 2000–2008

Torian, Lucia V.; Eavey, Joanna; Punsalang, Amado; Pirillo, Robert E.; Forgione, Lisa A.; Kent, Scott A.; Oleszko, William R.

doi:10.1086/657117

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…[76][77][78] It also occurs in countries such as France and Portugal, which have large numbers of immigrants from these regions. 79,80 HIV-1 and HIV-2 coinfections may also occur, but these are rare outside areas where HIV-2 is endemic.…”

Section: Virologic Assays To Diagnose Hiv-2 Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral Treatment as Prevention

Hammer

2011

N Engl J Med

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Section: Virologic Assays To Diagnose Hiv-2 Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral Treatment as Prevention

Hammer

2011

N Engl J Med

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“…The matter is further complicated by the fact that HIV exists as two serotypes, HIV-1 and HIV-2. While HIV-2 is primarily endemic in West Africa, global travel has greatly enhanced the geographical distribution of this serotype, including the spread to Europe and the United States (17,18). The distinction between HIV-1 and HIV-2 is important for several reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2 by Use of an Improved Piezoelectric Biosensor

et al. 2013

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c Disasters can create situations in which blood donations can save lives. However, in emergency situations and when resources are depleted, on-site blood donations require the rapid and accurate detection of blood-borne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Techniques such as PCR and antibody capture by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for HIV-1 and HIV-2 are precise but time-consuming and require sophisticated equipment that is not compatible with emergency point-of-care requirements. We describe here a prototype biosensor based on piezoelectric materials functionalized with specific antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2. We show the rapid and accurate detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in both simple and complex solutions, including human serum, and in the presence of a cross-confounding virus. We report detection limits of 12 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID 50 s) for HIV-1 and 87 TCID 50 s for HIV-2. The accuracy, precision of measurements, and operation of the prototype biosensor compared favorably to those for nucleic acid amplification. We conclude that the biosensor has significant promise as a successful point-of-care diagnostic device for use in emergency field applications requiring rapid and reliable testing for blood-borne pathogens. It is readily appreciated that in disaster situations, the efficiency of the emergency medical response can be greatly hampered by factors that can overwhelm or eliminate medical care resources, such as having a larger-than-expected number of trauma victims in need of untainted blood products or, on the positive side, having a larger-than-expected number of donors whose blood needs to be tested rapidly for the presence of potential blood-borne pathogens, including HIV (1). However, guidelines for which technologies are most reliable in such situations are lacking, and sophisticated laboratory equipment and aseptic conditions for the detection of HIV are not amenable for use in emergency situations, such as on-site medical care sites or rudimentary field laboratories and hospitals. Thus, there is a great need for robust, simple, reliable, and rapid point-of-care detection devices for emergency conditions (1, 2).Typical detection methods for the diagnosis of blood-borne pathogens, such as HIV, as established widely in medical laboratories, include the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nucleic acid amplification by PCR. However, ELISAs and PCRs require specific reagents, such as special buffers and enzymes, and sophisticated, large, and costly pieces of equipment, not all of which are amenable to field application. Furthermore, analyte preprocessing is often necessary for obtaining optimal results with these technologies (3-6). In contrast, mass detection devices based on piezoelectric materials capable of generating surface acoustic waves (SAW) that can be applied to biological samples have long been recognized to yield relatively simple, robust, and rapid measurements in a real-time mode (4, 6-10). In p...

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“…Numerous studies document that high levels of HIV-1 RNA are present in persons with acute HIV infections that are detected by sensitive immunoassays but negative or indeterminate by Western blot [43•, 44-49]. Because of cross-reactivity, the HIV-1 Western blot was interpreted as positive for HIV-1 in 46 to 85 % of specimens from persons found to be infected with HIV-2, resulting in incorrect or delayed diagnosis [50][51][52]. Although HIV-2 remains uncommon in the USA, accurate diagnosis of HIV-2 is clinically important because some antiretroviral agents effective against HIV-1 (including non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and some protease inhibitors) are not effective against HIV-2 [53,54].…”

Section: Clinical and Public Health Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Testing Updates and Challenges: When Regulatory Caution and Public Health Imperatives Collide

Branson¹

2015

Curr HIV/AIDS Rep

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Numerous improvements in HIV testing technology led recently to the first revision of recommendations for diagnostic laboratory testing in the USA in 25 years. Developments in HIV testing continue to produce tests that identify HIV infection earlier with faster turnaround times for test results. These play an important role in identifying HIV infection during the highly infectious acute phase, which has implication for both patient management and public health interventions to control the spread of HIV. Access to these developments, however, is often delayed by the regulatory apparatus for approval and oversight of HIV testing in the USA. This article summarizes recent developments in HIV diagnostic testing technology, outlines their implications for clinical management and public health, describes current systems of regulatory oversight for HIV testing in the USA, and proposes alternatives that could expedite access to improved tests as they become available.

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HIV Type 2 in New York City, 2000–2008

Cited by 44 publications

References 29 publications

Antiretroviral Treatment as Prevention

Antiretroviral Treatment as Prevention

Rapid Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2 by Use of an Improved Piezoelectric Biosensor

HIV Testing Updates and Challenges: When Regulatory Caution and Public Health Imperatives Collide

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