HIV Types, Groups, Subtypes and Recombinant Forms: Errors in Replication, Selection Pressure and Quasispecies

Eberle, Josef; Gürtler, Lutz

doi:10.1159/000331993

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…For example, age and gender are known to influence VL [37], but they are infrequently seen in reported statistical models. Other less obvious factors can range from viral subtypes and its segregation with certain racial backgrounds [100,101] to differential distribution of important genetic variations (e.g. ; CCR5- Δ32 and HLA-B*27 ) or the techniques used for defining them.…”

Section: Methodological Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV–1 Dynamics: A Reappraisal of Host and Viral Factors, as well as Methodological Issues

Prentice

Tang

2012

Viruses

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The dynamics of HIV-1 viremia is a complex and evolving landscape with clinical and epidemiological (public health) implications. Most studies have relied on the use of set-point viral load (VL) as a readily available proxy of viral dynamics to assess host and viral correlates. This review highlights recent findings from population-based studies of set-point VL, focusing primarily on robust data related to host genetics. A comprehensive understanding of viral dynamics will clearly need to consider both host and viral characteristics, with close attention to (i) the timing of VL measurements, (ii) the biology of viral evolution, (iii) compartments of active viral replication, (iv) the transmission source partner as the immediate past microenvironment, and (v) proper application of statistical models.

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Section: Methodological Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV–1 Dynamics: A Reappraisal of Host and Viral Factors, as well as Methodological Issues

Prentice

Tang

2012

Viruses

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“…The virus exists in patients as a large and complex pool of quasispecies form [12], [13]. The selection pressure of antiviral drugs causes the accumulation of resistant strains that gradually become the dominant strains, leading to resistance to protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of HIV-1 Natural Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations in Former Paid Blood Donors in Henan Province, China

et al. 2014

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BackgroundNatural drug resistance is a major cause of antiviral treatment failure. The characteristics of HIV-1 natural drug resistance-associated mutations in former paid blood donors in Henan Province remain unclear.MethodsOne hundred and fifty HIV-1-positive plasma samples were collected. Plasma viral RNA was extracted for pol gene amplification and sequencing. The sequencing results were submitted to the HIV-1 drug resistance database for drug-resistance analysis.ResultsThe rates of natural drug resistance and resistance-associated mutations were 17.7% (19/107) and 40.2% (43/107), respectively. The rates of PI major, PI minor, NRTI, and NNRTI mutations were: 0, 30.8% (33/107), 10.3% (11/107), and 18.7% (20/107), respectively. Nine cases (8.4%) had both NRTI and NNRTI resistance-associated mutations. Seven cases (6.5%) had PI minor, NRTI and NNRTI resistance-associated mutations. NNRTI resistance was the most serious, followed by NRTI resistance and PI resistance. Polymorphism mutation sites with mutation rates in the protease region higher than 60.0% were: L63A/P/S/T 89.7%, V77I 82.2%, I72E/M/K/T/V 80.4%, I93L 75.7%, and E35D 72.9%. Polymorphism mutation sites with mutation rates in the RT region higher than 60.0% were: I135A/L/M/R/T/V 93.5%, T200A/E/I/P/V 89.7%, Q278E/K/N/T 88.8%, S162C/Y 82.2%, and K277R/S 66.4%. The distribution of 107 gene sequences was scattered, with some drug-resistant strains grouped in the same cluster.ConclusionThe natural drug resistance mutation rate of HIV-1 in former paid blood donors in Henan Province was 17.7%, with NNRTI resistance the most serious. The distribution of drug-resistant strains was scattered, with some correlations found in certain resistance loci.

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“…The molecular basis of the genetic variability may be the high error rate of the viral RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase. This is obviously the reason for the existence of quasispecies as also described for HIV‐1 . This represents a problem for detection as well as genotyping of HEV .…”

Section: Epidemiology: Hev In Pigs and Humansmentioning

confidence: 93%

Xenotransplantation and Hepatitis E virus

Denner

2015

Xenotransplantation

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Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms to the human recipient. Some of these microorganisms may induce a zoonosis, that is an infectious disease induced by microorganisms transmitted from another species. With exception of the porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), which are integrated in the genome of all pigs, the transmission of all other microorganisms can be prevented by specified or designated pathogen-free (spf or dpf, respectively) production of the animals. However, it is becoming clear in the last years that the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the viruses which are difficult to eliminate. It is important to note that there are differences between HEV of genotypes (gt) 1 and gt2 on one hand and HEV of gt3 and gt4 on the other. HEV gt1 and gt2 are human viruses, and they induce hepatitis and in the worst case fatal infections in pregnant women. In contrast, HEV gt3 and gt4 are viruses of pigs, and they may infect humans, induce commonly only mild diseases, if any, and are harmless for pregnant women. The goal of this review was to evaluate the risk posed by HEV gt3 and gt4 for xenotransplantation and to indicate ways of their elimination from pigs in order to prevent transmission to the human recipient.

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HIV Types, Groups, Subtypes and Recombinant Forms: Errors in Replication, Selection Pressure and Quasispecies

Cited by 29 publications

References 72 publications

HIV–1 Dynamics: A Reappraisal of Host and Viral Factors, as well as Methodological Issues

HIV–1 Dynamics: A Reappraisal of Host and Viral Factors, as well as Methodological Issues

Characteristics of HIV-1 Natural Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations in Former Paid Blood Donors in Henan Province, China

Xenotransplantation and Hepatitis E virus

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