HIV virology and pathogenetic mechanisms of infection: a brief overview

Abstract

Studies on HIV virology and pathogenesis address the complex mechanisms that result in the HIV infection of the cell and destruction of the immune system. These studies are focused on both the structure and the replication characteristics of HIV and on the interaction of the virus with the host. Continuous updating of knowledge on structure, variability and replication of HIV, as well as the characteristics of the host immune response, are essential to refine virological and immunological mechanisms associated with the viral infection and allow us to identify key molecules in the virus life cycle that can be important for the design of new diagnostic assays and specific antiviral drugs and vaccines. In this article we review the characteristics of molecular structure, replication and pathogenesis of HIV, with a particular focus on those aspects that are important for the design of diagnostic assays.

Ko-infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) dengan Mycobacterium leprae

“…1 Peranan respons imun diperantarai sel yang spesifik untuk virus, khususnya aktivitas CD8+ T cell toxicity memegang peranan penting pada kontrol awal infeksi HIV sebelum muncul pengikatan anti-HIV atau menetralkan antibodi. 11 Antibodi yang spesifik terikat pada antigen HIV akan mencegah infeksi sel (netralisasi),atau membantu eliminasi sel yang terinfeksi melalui mekanisme yang dikenal sebagai Antibody-Dependant Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) yang diperantarai oleh limfosit T dan natural killer cells (sel NK…”

Molecular Validation of Putative Antimicrobial Peptides for Improved Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnostics via HIV Protein p24

“…All these cells play imperative roles in the establishment of the immune effector responses such as the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and β-cell responses [2,3]. T-helper cells are thus arguably the most important cells within the adaptive immunity as they are required for almost all the adaptive immune responses [2][3][4]. They function by activating β-cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes.…”

“…They function by activating β-cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes. Additionally they also activate the cytotoxic T-cells to kill infected target cells [2][3][4][5]. AIDS patients suffer from a lack in the number of T-helper cells, consequently suffering from a weakened immune system, which promotes secondary infections such as Tuberculosis [1].…”

Mechanistic insights on immunosenescence and chronic immune activation in HIV-tuberculosis co-infection

“…The key target cells of HIV infection are CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes/macrophages, thymocytes and microglial cells [1,2] . HIV enters these cells via binding primarily but not limited to target receptors/coreceptors CD4, chemokine coreceptor 5 (CCR5) and CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) [3][4][5] .…”