“…Recently, various methods (Lucchi et al, 2013 ; Cheng and Varshney, 2017 ; Cetina et al, 2018 ; Xiao et al, 2018 ; Casser et al, 2020 ; Peng and Yuan, 2020 ; Yuan et al, 2021 ) have been introduced to address mitochondria segmentation. According to the features they used, mitochondria segmentation can be categorized into two classes: traditional methods with hand-crafted features (Lucchi et al, 2011 , 2013 ; Cetina et al, 2018 ; Peng and Yuan, 2020 ) and deep learning methods with automatically learned features (Cheng and Varshney, 2017 ; Xiao et al, 2018 ; Casser et al, 2020 ; Yuan et al, 2020 , 2021 ). Generally speaking, deep-learning-based methods, especially methods based on fully convolutional neural networks (Ronneberger et al, 2015 ; Litjens et al, 2017 ; Shelhamer et al, 2017 ), show better performance than traditional machine learning and computer vision methods (Lucchi et al, 2013 ; Cetina et al, 2018 ; Peng and Yuan, 2020 ).…”