“…2) Embedding-based methods map normal features to a compact space, distancing them from abnormal parts to ensure discriminative capabilities. Current approaches can be typically categorized into distribution-map-based [14], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], teacher-student-based [15], [34], [56], [57], [58], [59], and memory-bank-based [16], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66]. 3) Reconstruction-based methods generally consist of an encoder and a decoder, with some approaches incorporating an additional transformation module.…”