Holistic assessment of a secondary water supply for a new development in Copenhagen, Denmark

Assessment of Sustainability of Urban Water Supply and Demand Management Options: A Comprehensive Approach

“…The trend is accompanied by the increased complexity of urban water systems and the dynamic interactions which increase the uncertainty of water management decisions. Often these evaluations are supported by methods such as multi-criteria analysis [13,[15][16][17][18], cost-benefit analysis [18,19], life cycle assessment [20][21][22][23][24], and optimisation techniques [17,[24][25][26]. While few studies compare water supply options using available data [27], the majority of studies model the entirety of the urban water cycle to estimate impacts of different water supply options on other components of the system [14,25,28,29].…”

“…River and waterbody health Quality of waste water produced and their impacts (contribution to acidification and eutrophication, effects on flora and fauna) [13][14][15][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]28,29,39] Quantity of wastewater produced [15,22,25,29,40] Stormwater runoff [15,25,29] Maintain river, local creaks, and wetlands Effect on environmental flow and surface water [14,18,25,40] Freshwater/portable water saved [13,15,17,24] Effects on groundwater level and pattern (ground water infiltration, recharge, and depletion) [14,19,24,39,41] Protect land ecosystem…”

“…Greenhouse gas and other emissions [13,14,[18][19][20][21]23,26,28,29,33,39,41] Photochemical oxidant formation [13,21,23] Other pollutants (e.g., dust, noise) [41] Efficient resource use Energy use and recovery [14,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]28,33,38,39] Ability to use renewable energy source(s) [17] Fresh water use [19,20,22,28,29,38,39] Land use [14,19,20,29,38,39] Materials for construction [19,23,28,39] Chemical use [19,[21]…”

“…User acceptance in terms of water quality [13,25] Willingness to accept demand management options [18] Acceptance of increase/decrease in water bill [18,38] User awareness and involvement [13,17,19,[38][39][40] Ability to meet community acceptance…”

“…Recreational values (visual amenity) [18,[39][40][41] Impacts on urban heat island effect [40] Provision of educational opportunities [40] Small scale flood mitigation benefits [14,18,40] Odour/pests-any other negative impacts on the local community [40] Number of jobs it creates [40] Health and hygiene Safety (number of incidents/accidents) [19,39] Risk of infections (number of outbreaks/people affected) [13,14,19,39] Risk of other health hazards (presence of carcinogenic compounds in influent water) [13,14,19,23,24,38] Exposure to toxic components (Cd, Hg, Pb) in operation [14,19] Political approval…”