Holistic characterization of flash flood vulnerability: Construction and validation of an integrated multidimensional vulnerability index

An Integrated Multidimensional Resilience Index for urban areas prone to flash floods: Development and validation

“…This statistic allowed us to identify multicollinearity among the various factors (Sarstedt and Mooi, 2014). In the IMRI, factors with weaker correlations to the other factors were assigned a greater weight, while those with stronger correlations were assigned a smaller weight (Aroca-Jiménez et al, 2022).…”

“…The median and median absolute deviation (MAD) generated by the Monte Carlo model were used to assess the index uncertainty (Aroca-Jiménez et al, 2022).…”

“…The calculation of the parameters of the best model and associated statistics allowed us to establish which dimensions were statistically significant for the clustering of the municipalities (p-value < 0.05). In addition, the profile of the optimal model allowed us to identify the resilience sources in each cluster and the number of municipalities that composed each cluster (Aroca-Jiménez et al, 2022). Alternately, the Wald test provided a pairwise comparison of the identified clusters of municipalities, allowing us to assess whether clusters were statistically distinct based on the scores in the different resilience dimensions (p-value < 0.05; Vermunt and Magidson, 2016).…”

“…Therefore, brighter colours are associated with fewer overall biases (i.e., a low category), whereas darker colours are related to higher total biases (i.e., a high category; Tate, 2013). The low category included total bias values up to the median or 50th percentile for both positive and negative values; the moderate category entailed total bias values up to the 80th percentile; and the high category contained the most extreme total bias values (Aroca-Jiménez et al, 2022). Each municipality's text label identifies the resilience category in which it was included, which facilitates the visual identification of connections between the IMRI and overall bias categories.…”

Integrative approaches to urban resilience: Evaluating the efficacy of resilience strategies in mitigating climate change vulnerabilities

“…Nevertheless, there is a shortage of thorough knowledge about the most productive tactics and the specific circumstances in which they are most efficient. Moreover, it is worth noting that while there is a considerable body of research emphasizing the need for comprehensive and interconnected methodologies that include physical, social, and institutional aspects [ 7 , 19 , 20 ], there is a scarcity of empirical data comparing the efficacy of these integrated tactics.…”