Holistic Strategies Lead to Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Hybrid Chemical Vapor Deposition Based Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Abstract

Hybrid chemical vapor deposition (HCVD) is a promising method for the up‐scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells/modules (PSCs/PSMs). However, the efficiency of the HCVD‐based perovskite solar cells still lags behind the solution‐processed PSCs/PSMs. In this work, the oxygen loss of the electron transport layer of SnO2 in the HCVD process and its negative impact on solar cell device performance are revealed. As the counter‐measure, potassium sulfamate (H2KNO3S) is introduced as the passivation layer to both mitigate the oxygen loss issue of SnO2 and passivate the uncoordinated Pb2+ in the perovskite film. In parallel, N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is used as the solvent to dissolve PbI2 by forming the intermediate phase of PbI2•NMP, which can greatly lower the energy barrier for perovskite nucleation in the HCVD process. The perovskite seed is employed to further modulate the kinetics of perovskite crystal growth and improve the grain size. The resultant solar cells yield a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.98% (0.09 cm2) with a stable output performance of 21.15%, and the PCEs of the mini‐modules are 16.16% (22.4 cm2, stable output performance of 14.72%) and 12.12% (91.8 cm2). Furthermore, the unencapsulated small area device shows an outstanding operational stability with a T80 lifetime exceeding 4000 h.

A stress relaxation strategy for preparing high-quality organic–inorganic perovskite thin films via a vapor–solid reaction

“…Notably, this PCE is the highest reported for PSCs prepared by a vapor–solid reaction. 41 Histograms of the PCE values for the control and vapor-annealed devices are displayed in Fig. 4b, with each group consisting of 35 devices.…”

Towards scalability: progress in metal oxide charge transport layers for large-area perovskite solar cells

“…6d). 76 Their aim was to mitigate the oxygen loss from SnO 2 encountered during the hybrid chemical vapor deposition (HCVD) process, a method intended for scalable perovskite fabrication. While the HCVD technique holds promise for large-scale perovskite deposition, they identified an issue: SnO 2 experienced oxygen loss during this deposition process, leading to interfacial defects and enhanced carrier recombination.…”

Insight into the Defect Chemistry and Ion Migration in Perovskite Fabricated by Hybrid Chemical Vapor Deposition

“…30 In 2023, Qi et al employed potassium sulfamate to alleviate the oxygen loss of SnO 2 and passivate the uncoordinated lead ions in perovskite and introduced Nmethylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a precursor solvent to reduce the nucleation energy barrier during hybrid CVD, which achieved a PCE of 21.98%. 31 Zhao et al developed a two-step vapor− solid reaction procedure to enlarge the grains of the mixedcation perovskite, achieving a champion PCE of 20.79% in 2023. 32 Despite the enormous potential of hybrid CVD for large-area perovskite thin-film fabrication, the PCE of PSCs remains lower than that of solution-based PSCs.…”

“…In 2019, a perovskite mini-module with a size of up to 91.8 cm 2 was prepared, which achieved a 10% designated area efficiency and a T 80 lifetime of nearly 500 h under continuous illumination at 1 sun intensity and 25 °C . In 2023, Qi et al employed potassium sulfamate to alleviate the oxygen loss of SnO 2 and passivate the uncoordinated lead ions in perovskite and introduced N -methyl­pyrrolidone (NMP) as a precursor solvent to reduce the nucleation energy barrier during hybrid CVD, which achieved a PCE of 21.98% . Zhao et al developed a two-step vapor–solid reaction procedure to enlarge the grains of the mixed-cation perovskite, achieving a champion PCE of 20.79% in 2023 .…”