Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire: a new sleep disorders questionnaire based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders‐2

Abstract

SUMMARYThe primary objectives of this study were to construct a self-assessment questionnaire for sleep disorders based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2, and to evaluate the questionnaireÕs psychometric properties with respect to its total score and the individual scores for each of the six sleep disorders. In total, 1269 patients, clinically diagnosed with a sleep disorder, and 412 subjects without sleep complaints were enrolled into this study. Principal components analysis confirmed that the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire differentially represented the six symptom clusters associated with International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2 classifications. The Holland Sleep Disorders QuestionnaireÕs total score distinguished patients with a clinically diagnosed sleep disorder from individuals without sleep complaints, with area under the receiver operating curve P(A) of 0.95. The internal reliability coefficient alpha was 0.90 and, applying the Youden criterion as cutoff score, the overall accuracy was 88% (j: 0.75). Subsequently, the six diagnostic groups of sleep-disordered patients could be differentiated reliably, with P(A) values ranging between 0.69 and 0.95, alpha coefficients ranging between 0.73 and 0.81 and an overall percentage of 85% correctly classified patients (j = 0.80), indicating a substantial to excellent agreement between the primary diagnoses and the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire classifications.

Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome in Adult ADHD and Its Subtypes

“…This was higher than the 20% found by Zak (Kerkhof et al, 2013). (Kerkhof et al, 2013); RLS: restless legs syndrome; PLMD: periodic limb movement disorder; ADHD-RS: ADHD-Rating Scale (DuPaul et al, 1998;Kooij et al, 2005)) 6 SNITSELAAR, SMITS, SPIJKER et al (2009) and even higher than we expected in our hypothesis, based also on literature about childhood ADHD. The prevalence of RLS and RLS symptoms was higher in the ADHD-C type group compared with the ADHD-I group, although the difference was not significant.…”

“…The cutoff score for RLS/PLMD is 2.70. In Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the discriminating performance for the RLS/PLMD subscale obtained a score of 4 SNITSELAAR, SMITS, SPIJKER 0.887 for the P(A) measure of overall accuracy (Kerkhof et al, 2013). Consequently, the sleep disorder diagnoses in this study were based on the outcomes of the HSDQ and were not confirmed with clinical data.…”

“…Outcome measures were calculated by dividing the sum of the scores by the number of questions. Besides a binary outcome, based on cutoff scores, it is also a measure for the severity of the symptoms (Kerkhof et al, 2013). The items about RLS/PLMD in the HSDQ are: (a) When I lie down in bed I have a burning or itching in my legs; (b) If I have "restless legs," I can suppress this feeling by walking or stretching my legs; (c) If I sit quietly, especially at night, I feel the urge to move my legs; (d) During sleep, I move my legs or arms; (e) During sleep, I suffer from kicking leg movements that I can't possibly suppress.…”

“…Sixty-five sequential adult patients (aged 21-60 years) who were referred to the outpatient ADHD clinic for an ADHD diagnostic assessment were asked to fill out two screening instruments: the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HDSQ; Kerkhof et al, 2013) and the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS; DuPaul, Power, Anastopoulos, & Reid, 1998;Kooij et al, 2005) before the ADHD diagnostic assessment was administered with the semistructured diagnostic interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 2.0; Kooij, 2010). Nine of them filled out none of the screening instruments.…”

Differential effects of online insomnia treatment on executive functions in adolescents

“…37 Exclusion criteria were (1) suicidal intentions and drug abuse, investigated through clinical scores and item screening on the Youth Self Report (YSR) 38,39 and from the intake interview, (2) indication of other sleep disorders than insomnia indicated by scores above cutoff on the HSDQ and through information from the intake interview, (3) a diagnosis of other psychological disorders (e.g. depression, ADHD), or presently being treated for psychological or sleep problems, (4) use of drugs or medication that interfere with sleep, or (5) a lack of chronicity or severity of the symptoms according to the DSM-5 criteria for insomnia disorder 36 as indicated in the one hour face to face diagnostic intake interview.…”