Hollow atoms

Winter, H.; Aumayr, F.

doi:10.1088/0953-4075/32/7/005

Cited by 155 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…For Ne, a more recent experiment has been reported by Pettersson and co-workers. 17 The studies of hollow atoms have been reviewed by Winter and Aumayr, 18 while the competition between decay channels of the double core hole states for elements with Z ≤ 36 has also been studied by Chen. 19 The developed new x-ray FELs promise photon fluxes and energies suitable for multiple sequential and direct core ionization of atoms and molecules.…”

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Relativistic contributions to single and double core electron ionization energies of noble gases

Niskanen

Norman

Aksela

et al. 2011

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We have performed relativistic calculations of single and double core 1s hole states of the noble gas atoms in order to explore the relativistic corrections and their additivity to the ionization potentials. Our study unravels the interplay of progression of relaxation, dominating in the single and double ionization potentials of the light elements, versus relativistic one-electron effects and quantum electrodynamic effects, which dominate toward the heavy end. The degree of direct relative additivity of the relativistic corrections for the single electron ionization potentials to the double electron ionization potentials is found to gradually improve toward the heavy elements. The Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian is found to predict a scaling ratio of ∼4 for the relaxation induced relativistic energies between double and single ionization. Z-scaling of the computed quantities were obtained by fitting to power law. The effects of nuclear size and form were also investigated and found to be small. The results indicate that accurate predictions of double core hole ionization potentials can now be made for elements across the full periodic table.

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confidence: 99%

Relativistic contributions to single and double core electron ionization energies of noble gases

Niskanen

Norman

Aksela

et al. 2011

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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“…Within femtseconds, the projectile can deposit tens to hundreds keV energy onto the solid surfaces in nanometer area and make the incident ion and target atom excited or ionized. There are three exciting processes: single-electronic exciting, dielectronic exciting and multi-electronic exciting [4] . Recently, as is found by the famous Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley National laboratories, U.S.A, the internal dielectronic exciting process would take place when highly charged Xe q+ , Ho q+ and Th q+ ions collide with metical surfaces [5,6] .…”

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X-ray spectra induced in highly charged 40Ar q+ interacting with Au surface

et al. 2006

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By use of optical spectrum technology, the spectra of X-ray induced by highly charged 40 Ar q+ ions interacting with Au surface have been studied. The results show that the argon Kα X-ray were emitted from the hollow atoms formed below the surface. There is a process of multi-electron exciting in neutralization of the Ar 16+ ion, with electronic configuration 1s 2 in its ground state below the solid surface. The yield of the projectile Kα X-ray is related to its initial electronic configuration, and the yield of the target X-ray is related to the projectile kinetic energy.Keywords: highly charged ion, hollow, multi-electron excitation, X-ray.When a highly charged ion with many inner shell holes, provided by the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, is approaching to a metallic surface, the conducting-band electrons in the metal can resonantly transfer into the high orbits of the projectile with the principal quantum number / n q W ≈ (q is the charge state of the projectile and W the work function of the metal). As the distance of the projectile to the surface is smaller than a critical value of c 2 / , R q W ≈ the potential barrier between the ion and the surface will drop below the Fermi level. In this way, the ion could be temporarily neutralized to form a hollow atom with outer shell occupied and inner shells empty. For example, when Ar 18+ impacts on the Au surface, the hollow argon atom could be formed at R c =33 a.u. with n=20, and when U 92+ impacts on the Au surface, the hollow uranium

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“…The potential barrier between the target and the projectile is below Fermi level, the electron in the conducted band resonantly transfers into the highly-excited unoccupied state of the projectile. The fist captured electron comes into the ionic energy level with principle quantum number n c [11] : c 1 .…”

Section: X-raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near infrared lights emission of 40Ar16+ impacting on metal surfaces

Zhang

Xiao

Yang

et al. 2009

Sci. China Ser. G-Phys. Mech. Astron.

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The highly charged ion 40 Ar 16+ with the velocity (kinetic energy E K =150 keV, velocity V=8.5×10 5 m/s) smaller than Bohr velocity (V Bohr =2.9×10 6 m/s) was found to hove impacts on the surfaces of metals Ni, Mo, Au and Al, and the Ar atomic infrared light lines and X-rays spectra were simultaneously measured. The experimental results show that the highly charged ion that captures electrons is neutralized, and the multiply-excited hollow atom forms. The hollow atom cascade decay radiates lights from infrared to X-ray spectrum. The intensity of infrared lights shows that the metallic work functions play an important role in the neutralization process of highly charged ions during their interaction with metallic surfaces, which verifies the classical over-the-barrier model. infrared light lines, X-ray, neutralization, highly charged ionsThe interaction of slow highly charged ions with solid surfaces has recently drawn considerable interest [1][2][3] . The study shows that during the impact of the highly charged ions with the velocity smaller than the Bohr velocity (V Bohr = 2.9×10 6 m/s) on the metal surface, metallic target electrons move faster than the projectile and readily react to perturbation. The ion could be rapidly neutralized (10 −15 s) by capturing conducting-band electrons in the metal. The captured electron comes into high Rydberg states with empty or only sparsely populated inner shells, leading to the formation of hollow atoms [4] . These very excited states of short lifetime then rapidly decay via ionization, Auger process and light emission.

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Hollow atoms

Cited by 155 publications

References 100 publications

Relativistic contributions to single and double core electron ionization energies of noble gases

Relativistic contributions to single and double core electron ionization energies of noble gases

X-ray spectra induced in highly charged 40Ar q+ interacting with Au surface

Near infrared lights emission of 40Ar16+ impacting on metal surfaces

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