Hollow-Channel Paper Analytical Devices Supported Biofuel Cell-Based Self-Powered Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensor for Pesticide Detection

Abstract

Herein, a paper-based glucose/air biofuel cell (BFC) was constructed and implemented for self-powered pesticide detection. Our developed paper-based chip relies on a hollow-channel to transport fluids rather than capillarity, which reduces analysis times as well as physical absorption. The gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were adapted to modify the paper fibers to fabricate the flexible conductive paper anode/cathode electrode (Au–PAE/CNT–PCE). Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a template were synthesized on Au–PAE for signal control. In the cathode, bilirubin oxidase (BOD) was used for the oxygen reduction reaction. Based on a competitive reaction between 2,4-D and glucose-oxidase-labeled 2,4-D (GOx-2,4-D), the amount of GOx immobilized on the bioanode can be simply tailored, thus a signal-off self-powered sensing platform was achieved for 2,4-D determination. Meanwhile, the coupling of the paper supercapacitor (PS) with the paper-based chip provides a simple route for signal amplification. Combined with a portable digital multi-meter detector, the amplified signal can be sensitively readout. Through rational design of the paper analytical device, the combination of BFC and PS provides a new prototype for constructing a low-cost, simple, portable, and sensitive self-powered biosensor lab-on-paper, which could be easily expanded in the field of clinical analysis and drug delivery.

Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Biosensors for Food Safety Detection

“…Hence, rapid and sensitive detection of 2,4-D before crops are sold or processed is important for protecting the consumers. Wang et al developed a self-powered biosensor for detecting 2,4-D [ 38 ]. In this biosensor, glucose oxidase (GOx) and bilirubin oxidase (BOD) were utilized as the bioanode and biocathode, respectively, while MIP were grafted to the anode for specific recognition of 2,4-D.…”

“…( a ) Self-powered biosensor based on MIP. Reprinted with permission from reference [ 38 ], Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2022 for detection of 2.4-D. ( b ) Biosensor based on the BT polymer for detection of organophosphorus. Reprinted with permission from reference [ 40 ], copyright Elsevier 2022.…”

A Ratiometric Biosensor Containing Manganese Dioxide Nanosheets and Nitrogen-Doped Quantum Dots for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Monitoring

“…Traditional instrumental and biochemical methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [9], microfluidics paper-based analytical devices (µ-PADs) [10], molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensing [11], and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [12], have been extensively employed for 2,4-D detection. To a certain extent, these techniques are effective and provide high sensitivity, selectivity, and precision for many severe detection-related scenarios.…”