Hollow core photonic crystal fiber based carbon monoxide sensor design applicable for hyperbilirubinemia diagnosis

Abstract

.One of the modern ways to diagnose diseases is through exhale gas of patients, which is non-invasive and therefore desirable to doctors. The composition of exhaled breath contains valuable information for identifying hyperbilirubinemia disease. The accumulation of bilirubin and its lack of excretion causes jaundice, and the production of bilirubin has a direct relationship with exhaled carbon monoxide (CO). A CO diagnostic sensor based on a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) that can detect hyperbilirubinemia has been designed. This method can be used repeatedly to detect and treated jaundice in time. The PCF is designed as a hexagon. The holes in the cladding are circular and the holes in the core are circular and oval. Finite element method is used to do all the numerical simulations. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to obtain the results. In this setup, CO absorption wavelength is 1.567 μm, and the relative sensitivity of 64.28% is reported with confinement loss of 3.81 × 10 − 3 dB / m.

The Design of a Photonic Crystal Fiber for Hydrogen Cyanide Gas Detection

“…A high relative sensitivity of 65.13% is calculated at this wavelength. Also, the results show that the confinement loss and birefringence coefficient are 1.5 × 10 −3 dB/m and 1.02 × 10 −3 , respectively, at the 1.533 max ) [23]. The guiding region including all the supported wavenumbers is a solid angle, and we refer to it as a guiding solid angle.…”

“…where P DSA is the total power radiated from the fiber tip, while P DSA∩GSA is the power in the intersection region that can be collected by the PCF [23].…”

“…According to the fiber geometry and the input wavelength, we can determine the wave number k supported in the fibers. Then, the largest angle Ѳmax between k and the z-axis of the fiber determines the value of NA, which is equal to sin (Ѳmax) [23]. The guiding region including all the supported wavenumbers is a solid angle, and we refer to it as a guiding solid angle.…”

“…The numerical results for the proposed model show that at a wavelength of 1.33 µm, the relative sensitivity and confinement loss are 44.47% and 1.8310 −8 dB/m for an absorption line of methane and hydrogen fluoride gases. In [23], a PCF-based CO gas sensor is designed to detect hyperbilirubinemia levels in humans via breath analysis. The suggested structure has five hexagonal rings in the cladding.…”