Hollow Gold Nanoparticals as Biocompatible Radiosensitizer: An <i>In Vitro</i> Proof of Concept Study

Abstract

We report in vitro studies on radiotherapy enhancement of hollow gold nanoparticles (HAuNPs), which feature a 50 nm hollow core and a 30 nm thick polycrystalline shell. A clonogenic cell survival assay was used to assess radiation dose enhancement on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Cells were cultured in a cell culture solution in which pegylated HAuNPs were added. No cytotoxicity of the HAuNPs was observed at the nanoparticle concentration up to 4.25×109 nanoparticles/ml (350 μM Au concentration). A small animal X-ray irradiator and a clinical linear accelerator were used to irradiate HAuNP-treated and control groups. It shows that the radiation damage to the cells is significantly enhanced when the cells are exposed to HAuNPs. This is the first time that AuNPs with diameter larger than 100 nm has been studied for their radiosensitizing effects. In clinical settings, we envision that HAuNPs could be intratumorally injected into tumors, which is more realistic for practical usage of AuNPs as radiosensitizer than passive accumulation in tumors using the enhanced permeability and retention effect or active targeting. Larger particles are favored for the intratumoral injection approach since larger particles tend to be retained in the injection sites, less likely diffusing into surrounding normal tissues. So, this proof-of-concept evaluation shows a promising potential to use HAuNPs as radiation therapy sensitizer for cancers.

Emerging Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials for Cancer Radiation Therapy

“…For example, the gold (Z = 79) has much stronger photoelectric effect than that of soft tissues (average Z = 7.4). [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Au loaded polymeric nanocapsules [40][41][42][43] Au nanomolecules [40,44,45] Active targeting Au nanoparticles [44,[46][47][48][49][50] Rare earth element Gadolinium oxide; Gd doped carbon dots; Gd doped calcium phosphate [51][52][53][54] Upconversion nanoparticles (e.g. Such electron rearrangement in atom orbits would generate excess energy that released either as fluorescent photons or Auger electrons, the latter of which traveling through much shorter distances (typically ≈10 nm) are able to produce high ionization effects in local areas.…”