Holocene dynamics of the southern westerly winds over the Indian Ocean inferred from a peat dust deposition record

Abstract

The southern westerly winds (SWW) play a major role in climate variability in Southern Hemisphere mid-and high-latitudes, regulating rainfall, ocean circulation, and the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Despite their importance, little is known about millennial scale changes in the SWW and how they have influenced the climate system in the past and interacted with the Earth's surface elements, such as dust, nutrients and carbon. Here we present a dust record from a 6.6 kyr old peat core in Amsterdam Island (AMS) situated at the northern edge of the SWW (37 S) in the Southern Indian Ocean. Mineral dust flux was used to track atmospheric dust production, long-distance transport and subsequent deposition. Dust provenance was determined from rare earth element (REE) and Nd isotopic signatures (εNd) in the peat core, compared with a reference dataset of Southern Hemisphere dust sources. Using a multi-proxy mixing model, the εNd and REE ratios show a relatively uniform mixture of ca. 40% local, 15% Southern African and 45% Southern South American dust sources since 6.6 cal kyr BP. However, from 1910 AD onwards, there is a doubling in the contribution from Southern Africa (32%). Two mineral dust flux minima occur at 6.2e4.9 cal kyr BP and 3.9e2.7 cal kyr BP, interpreted as periods with equatorwardshifted and/or strengthened SWW at the northern edge of the wind belt. Conversely, periods of higher dust flux at 6.6e6.2 cal kyr BP, 4.9e3.9 cal kyr BP, and 1.4 cal kyr BP onwards are interpreted as polewardshifted and/or weakened SWW. These interpretations are based on the findings that higher (lower) wind speeds lead to enhanced (less) removal of distal dust on the way to AMS, by wet deposition and turbulence. Published Holocene SWW records at the northern edge of the wind belt (33e41 S) covering South-America, Southern-Africa and Australia, show much variability over the last 6.6 kyr. We suggest this reflects complex regional climate variability in the different SH longitudinal sectors, indicating that SWW are not zonally homogeneous at the northern edge of the wind belt. The recent shift in dust provenance is not accompanied by enhanced total dust deposition at AMS. We therefore suggest that human impact (e.g., land use changes) and drier climate conditions in Southern Africa have led to enhanced dust mobilization.

Southern Africa: The Missing Piece To The Dust Provenance Puzzle of East Antarctica?

“…Gili et al (2019), indicated the Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios of Antarctic modern dust recovered from snow samples collected along coastal sites of the Dronning-Maud Land area (DML-East Antarctica), which showed similar composition to the Southern Africa sediments. This data is consistent with the results observed by Vanderstraeten et al (2019) Ultimately, another study carried out in a core from the Southern Indian Ocean, has also proposed a mixing model where SSA and SAF have been found to be the main distal dust sources through most of the Holocene (Li et al, 2020). In resume, we have presented different evidences indicating the transport of SAF material reaches the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean and the marginal sites of East Antarctica.…”

Unequal Anthropogenic Enrichment of Mercury in Earth’s Northern and Southern Hemispheres

“…Chronology. Age model output of the AMS peat core is adopted from ref 39 . In brief, a total of 20 samples were picked for plant macrofossils and subsequently radiocarbon-dated at the LMC14 Artemis Laboratory (Saclay, France, SacA code) or GADAM center (Gliwice, Poland, GdA code).…”

Unequal anthropogenic enrichment of mercury in Earth’s northern and southern hemispheres

“…Chronology. Age model output of the AMS peat core is adopted from 38 . In brief, a total of 20 samples were picked for plant macrofossils and subsequently radiocarbon-dated at the LMC14 Artemis Laboratory (Saclay, France, SacA code) or GADAM center (Gliwice, Poland, GdA code).…”