Homeobox Gene Duplication and Divergence in Arachnids

Leite, Daniel J.; Baudouin-Gonzalez, Luís; Iwasaki-Yokozawa, Sawa; Lozano‐Fernandez, Jesus; Turetzek, Natascha; Akiyama-Oda, Yasuko; Prpic, Nikola‐Michael; Pisani, Davide; Oda, Hiroki; Sharma, Prashant P.; McGregor, Alistair P.

doi:10.1093/molbev/msy125

Cited by 71 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…7). The homeobox TF regulates the expression of genes associated with various developmental processes in animals, fungi and plants [40]. The zf-C2H2 TF family contains a small protein structural motif, the zinc finger (zf ), which coordinates one or more zinc ions (Zn 2 + ) [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional changes in Toxoplasma gondii in response to treatment with monensin

Zhai

Elsheikha

et al. 2020

Parasites Vectors

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Background: Infection with the apicomplexan protozoan parasite T. gondii can cause severe and potentially fatal cerebral and ocular disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The anticoccidial ionophore drug monensin has been shown to have anti-Toxoplasma gondii properties. However, the comprehensive molecular mechanisms that underlie the effect of monensin on T. gondii are still largely unknown. We hypothesized that analysis of T. gondii transcriptional changes induced by monensin treatment can reveal new aspects of the mechanism of action of monensin against T. gondii.Methods: Porcine kidney (PK)-15 cells were infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain. Three hours post-infection, PK-15 cells were treated with 0.1 μM monensin, while control cells were treated with medium only. PK-15 cells containing intracellular tachyzoites were harvested at 6 and 24 h post-treatment, and the transcriptomic profiles of T. gondii-infected PK-15 cells were examined using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to verify the expression of 15 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNA-seq analysis.Results: A total of 4868 downregulated genes and three upregulated genes were identified in monensin-treated T. gondii, indicating that most of T. gondii genes were suppressed by monensin. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of T. gondii DEGs showed that T. gondii metabolic and cellular pathways were significantly downregulated. Spliceosome, ribosome, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum were the top three most significantly enriched pathways out of the 30 highly enriched pathways detected in T. gondii. This result suggests that monensin, via down-regulation of protein biosynthesis in T. gondii, can limit the parasite growth and proliferation. Conclusions:Our findings provide a comprehensive insight into T. gondii genes and pathways with altered expression following monensin treatment. These data can be further explored to achieve better understanding of the specific mechanism of action of monensin against T. gondii.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional changes in Toxoplasma gondii in response to treatment with monensin

Zhai

Elsheikha

et al. 2020

Parasites Vectors

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“…As a test for this, we used the well-conserved Hox and Parahox gene clusters, which are normally preserved as intact complexes and duplicated in the presence of additional WGD events [e.g. 51,52].…”

Section: Hox Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gene-Rich Genome of the ScallopPecten maximus

Kenny

McCarthy

Dudchenko

et al. 2020

Preprint

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AbstractBackgroundThe King Scallop, Pecten maximus, is distributed in shallow waters along the Atlantic coast of Europe. It forms the basis of a valuable commercial fishery and its ubiquity means that it plays a key role in coastal ecosystems and food webs. Like other filter feeding bivalves it can accumulate potent phytotoxins, to which it has evolved some immunity. The molecular origins of this immunity are of interest to evolutionary biologists, pharmaceutical companies and fisheries management.FindingsHere we report the genome sequencing of this species, conducted as part of the Wellcome Sanger 25 Genomes Project. This genome was assembled from PacBio reads and scaffolded with 10x Chromium and Hi-C data, and its 3,983 scaffolds have an N50 of 44.8 Mb (longest scaffold 60.1 Mb), with 92% of the assembly sequence contained in 19 scaffolds, corresponding to the 19 chromosomes found in this species. The total assembly spans 918.3 Mb, and is the best-scaffolded marine bivalve genome published to date, exhibiting 95.5% recovery of the metazoan BUSCO set. Gene annotation resulted in 67,741 gene models. Analysis of gene content revealed large numbers of gene duplicates, as previously seen in bivalves, with little gene loss, in comparison with the sequenced genomes of other marine bivalve species.ConclusionsThe genome assembly of Pecten maximus and its annotated gene set provide a high-quality platform for a wide range of investigations, including studies on such disparate topics as shell biomineralization, pigmentation, vision and resistance to algal toxins. As a result of our findings we highlight the sodium channel gene Nav1, known as a gene conferring resistance to saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, as a candidate for further studies investigating immunity to domoic acid.

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“…Large-scale duplication of genes in spiders has been reported in P. tepidariorum before (Pechmann et al 2015;Schomburg et al 2015;Schwager et al 2017;Leite et al 2018). Therefore, we wanted to identify the total number of foxQ2 orthologs in P. tepidariorum.…”

Section: P Tepidariorum Possesses One Homolog Of Foxq2mentioning

confidence: 99%

six3 acts upstream of foxQ2 in labrum and neural development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

2020

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Anterior patterning in animals is based on a gene regulatory network, which comprises highly conserved transcription factors like six3, pax6 and otx. More recently, foxQ2 was found to be an ancestral component of this network but its regulatory interactions showed evolutionary differences. In most animals, foxQ2 is a downstream target of six3 and knockdown leads to mild or no epidermal phenotypes. In contrast, in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, foxQ2 gained a more prominent role in patterning leading to strong epidermal and brain phenotypes and being required for six3 expression. However, it has remained unclear which of these novel aspects were insect or arthropod specific. Here, we study expression and RNAi phenotype of the single foxQ2 ortholog of the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. We find early anterior expression similar to the one of insects. Further, we show an epidermal phenotype in the labrum similar to the insect phenotype. However, our data indicate that foxQ2 is positioned downstream of six3 like in other animals but unlike insects. Hence, the epidermal and neural pattering function of foxQ2 is ancestral for arthropods while the upstream role of foxQ2 may have evolved in the lineage leading to the insects.Development Genes and Evolution (2020) 230:95-104 https://doi.

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Homeobox Gene Duplication and Divergence in Arachnids

Cited by 71 publications

References 89 publications

Transcriptional changes in Toxoplasma gondii in response to treatment with monensin

Transcriptional changes in Toxoplasma gondii in response to treatment with monensin

The Gene-Rich Genome of the ScallopPecten maximus

six3 acts upstream of foxQ2 in labrum and neural development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

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