Homeostatic regulation of plasma amino acid concentrations

Liao, Shengfa F; Regmi, Naresh; Wu, Guoyao

doi:10.2741/4610

Cited by 24 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Using dietary non-protein nitrogenous substances, such as urea, ammonium, mucins, as well as the enzymatic secretions and sloughed epithelial cells of the host, the microbiota in pig intestine can also synthesize AAs and proteins for incorporation into bacterial cells (25, 51). It was revealed that the small intestine is also the major site for the microbe-derived AA absorption, and some investigators suggested that the biosynthesis of AAs and proteins by the microbiota in the host GIT partake in the regulation of AA homeostasis of the host (25, 54). However, the intestinal microbiota do not make a significant contribution of AAs to the host since pig exhibits a negative nitrogen balance when fed an AA- or protein-free diet (25).…”

Section: Effects Of Amino Acids On Gut Health and Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Gut Health and Functions of Swine

2019

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Gut health has significant implications for swine overall health status and nutrient utilization, due to its various functions including digestion and absorption of nutrients, secretion of mucins and immunoglobulins, and selective barrier protection against harmful antigens and pathogens. Both the basic anatomical structure of the gut (such as epithelial cells) and its luminal microbiota play important roles for maintaining gut health and functions. The interactions between epithelial cells and luminal microbiota have significant impact on host nutrition and health through the metabolism of dietary components. Amino acids, which are major nutrients for pigs, are not only obligatory for maintaining the intestinal mucosal mass and integrity, but also for supporting the growth of microorganisms in the gut. Dietary amino acids are the major fuel of the small intestinal mucosa. Particularly, glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate are the major oxidative fuel of the intestine. Emerging evidence shows that arginine activates the mTOR signaling pathway in the small intestine. Utilization of glycine by the small intestinal mucosa to synthesize glutathione is a very important physiological pathway, and the role of glycine as a powerful cytoprotectant has also been recognized. The major end products of methionine and cysteine metabolism are glutathione, homocysteine and taurine, which play important roles in the intestinal immune and anti-oxidative responses. Threonine is highly utilized by the gut and is particularly important for mucin synthesis and maintenance of gut barrier integrity. Moreover, either a deficiency or an excess of dietary threonine can reduce the synthesis of intestinal mucosal proteins and mucins in young pigs. Various new functions of amino acids on gut health and functions have been discovered in recent years. Thus, this review is to provide some up-to-date knowledge for industry application of dietary amino acids in order to enhance swine gut health and functions, and also it is to provide a comprehensive reference for further scientific research in this regard.

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Section: Effects Of Amino Acids On Gut Health and Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Gut Health and Functions of Swine

2019

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“…A number of studies have described homeostatic regulation of plasma free amino acids (AA) and related metabolites [ 5 ] to help in maximizing protein accretion and growth of pigs, but few have tried to identify early plasma and/or blood markers that will predict animals susceptible to poor growth [ 6 ]. The present study enlightens a set of relevant blood immune and metabolic variables for whom range of variations between two times in an early period of growth (first 3 weeks of the test period) was able to explain the relative ADG during the whole test period (rADG W0-W6 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of blood immune and metabolic indicators explaining the variability of growth of pigs under contrasted sanitary conditions

2021

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Background Health and growth of pigs are affected by the hygiene of housing. Lower growth performance observed in poor hygiene of housing conditions is explained by reduced feed intake and metabolic changes caused by the activation of body defences. In a previous experiment, we reported contrasted average values of body weight gain, concentrations of circulating metabolites, redox and immune indicators in blood of pigs housed in good or poor hygiene conditions during the growing period. This study addressed inter-individual variability in these responses to determine whether a particular blood profile explains average daily gain (ADG) of the pig. Results The data originated from 160 growing pigs, half of which subjected to a hygiene challenge for 6 weeks (W0 to W6) and the others housed in good hygiene conditions. Pigs originated from two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI). Individual body weights were recorded during this period, and relative ADG (rADGW0-W6) was calculated as the ADG corrected by the initial body weight measured at W0. Blood samples were taken before (W0) and 3 weeks (W3) after the beginning of the challenge. The analysed dataset consisted of 51 metabolites and indicators of immune and inflammatory responses measured on 136 pigs having no missing value for any variables, when calculated as the differences W3 minus W0 in circulating concentrations. An algorithm tested all possible linear regression models and then selected the best ones to explain rADGW0-W6. Six variables were identified across the best models and correlated with rADGW0-W6 with a goodness of fit (adjusted R2) of about 67%. They were changes in haptoglobin, global antioxidant capacity of plasma (Biological Antioxidant Power or BAP), free fatty acids, and 3 amino acids: leucine, tryptophan, and 1-methylhistidine. The effects of housing conditions and RFI lines were comprised in the variables of the selected models and none of these conditions improved accuracy of the predictive models, leading to genericity of the pinpointed metabolic changes in relation to variability of ADG. Conclusions This approach allows us to identify blood variables, whose changes in blood concentrations correlated to ADG under contrasted sanitary conditions.

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“…These differences in carcass and muscle indispensable AA composition were not reflected in circulating levels of plasma free AA with some exceptions (lysine, threonine and methionine), although the sum of indispensable, dispensable and total AA was always higher in the LDW pigs, according to their higher protein pool. However, relations among these different AA pools are complex as plasma AA concentration is the result of inputs from dietary intake and AA released by tissues (proteolysis and de novo synthesis, mainly by muscle), and outputs to AA oxidation and metabolism (synthesis of proteins and other molecules; see review by Liao, Regmi, & Wu, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype and dietary lysine deficiency affect carcass and muscle amino acid composition of pigs growing from 10 to 25 kg body weight

Palma-Granados

Lara

Seiquer

et al. 2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Amino acid (AA) composition of body protein is considered constant although there are evidences that AA pattern in pigs may be altered by different factors. Pigs with different body composition and protein deposition rates—like fatty and lean pigs—may differ in AA composition, with possible consequences on their AA requirements. This work investigates effects of genotype and dietary lysine deficiency on AA composition of carcass and muscles of Iberian and Landrace × Large White pigs. Twenty‐eight barrows (10 kg body weight [BW]), 14 from each breed, were used. They were randomly assigned to two experimental diets according to a factorial arrangement (two breeds × two diets). Diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (200 ± 1 g CP/kg dry matter (DM); 14.7 ± 0.1 MJ ME/kg DM) and with identical chemical composition except for lysine concentration (10.9 and 5.20 g lysine/kg DM, for lysine‐adequate (AL) diet and lysine‐deficient (DL) diet respectively). Pigs were individually housed, and daily feed allowance was adjusted on a weekly basis according to BW. Pigs were slaughtered at 25 kg BW. Isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine concentration were higher in carcass protein of Iberian pigs (p < .01). In longissimus muscle, higher concentration of arginine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine and valine (p < .001–p < .05), and lower of methionine (p < .001) were detected in Iberian pigs, whereas phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, threonine and methionine concentration decreased and arginine increased (p < .001–p < .05) when pigs were fed DL diet. Genotype and lysine deficiency effects were moderate in the AA composition of protein of biceps femoris muscle. The results show that AA proportions in protein of carcass and longissimus muscle can be influenced by pig genotype and conditions of lysine shortage. The biceps femoris muscle, with different functional and metabolic properties, shows more constant AA composition than longissimus, which seem to prevail independent from genotype or nutritional challenges.

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Homeostatic regulation of plasma amino acid concentrations

Cited by 24 publications

References 68 publications

Physiological Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Gut Health and Functions of Swine

Physiological Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Gut Health and Functions of Swine

Identification of blood immune and metabolic indicators explaining the variability of growth of pigs under contrasted sanitary conditions

Genotype and dietary lysine deficiency affect carcass and muscle amino acid composition of pigs growing from 10 to 25 kg body weight

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