Hominid Dietary Selection Before Fire [and Comments and Reply]

Stahl, Ann B.; Dunbar, R. I. M.; Homewood, Katherine; Ikawa‐Smith, Fumiko; Kortlandt, Adriaan; McGrew, William C.; Milton, Katharine; Paterson, James D.; Poirier, Frank E.; Sugardjito, Jito; Tanner, Nancy; Wrangham, Richard W.

doi:10.1086/203106

Cited by 142 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In a single study, T. abrassarti was reported from gorillas recently imported to Antwerp Zoo, but without detailed morphological data necessary for determination and comparison with other entodiniomorphids (Mortelmans, Vercruysse, and Kageruka 1971). It is probably a lack of data that resulted in a persisting opinion that entodiniomorphid ciliates gradually disappear in most apes in captivity (Ruch 1959;Stahl 1984). Apparently, these ciliates are absent in some zoos as indicated by our survey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

The Occurrence and Ape‐to‐Ape Transmission of the Entodiniomorphid Ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti in Captive Gorillas

Modrý¹,

Petrželková²,

Pomajbíková³

et al. 2009

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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ABSTRACT. Entodiniomorphid ciliates are often present in the colons of wild apes. In captive apes the infection tends to gradually disappear, with the exception of Troglodytella abrassarti. We used fecal examinations to screen the gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in European (Czech Republic, UK) and Australian Zoos to explore the ape-to-ape transmission pattern of T. abrassarti. Gorillas from two out of three European Zoos were positive for T. abrassarti, while gorillas from the Australian Zoo were negative. We documented a horizontal transmission of T. abrassarti to a non-infected adult gorilla introduced into a Troglodytella-positive group in the Prague Zoo and traced the origin of the ciliate infection to the Paignton Zoo (UK) using serial fecal examinations. During this study, two infant gorillas born in the Prague Zoo (CZ) first became positive for T. abrassarti at the age of 9 mo. Ciliate morphology and the sequencing of the small subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer rDNA spacer region revealed that T. abrassarti affects both captive gorillas and chimpanzees. We conclude that zoo transport plays a major role in the distribution of T. abrassarti among captive gorillas.Key Words. Chimpanzee, Gorilla gorilla, molecular phylogeny, Pan troglodytes, zoo. DESPITE the fact that Troglodytella abrassarti was described almost one hundred years ago (Brumpt and Joyeux 1912), the entodiniomorphid ciliates still represent a neglected group of symbiotic organisms in the colonic ecosystem of gorillas and chimpanzees. The role of entodiniomorphid ciliates in ape digestion is not known. Nevertheless, entodiniomorphid ciliates are thought to participate in colonic fermentation of fiber similar to that in the horse colon or the rumen of cattle (Collet et al. 1984;Reichenow 1920). However, diarrhea and deaths in captive apes have also been attributed to entodiniomorphid ciliates (Ruch 1959).Field studies usually report only the prevalence of ciliates without attempts at species determination. Moreover, the evaluation of field material is complicated by the rapid degradation of trophozoites in the feces, potentially leading to an underestimation of their diversity (Bonhomme, Grain, and Collet 1989;Goussard et al. 1983;Imai et al. 1991;Profousová et al. 2007). As a result, we still have limited data about the diversity, host specificity, and transmission of entodiniomorphids in gorillas and chimpanzees.Most records of T. abrassarti are from the common chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes (Ashford, Reid, and Wrangham 2000;File, Mcgrew, and Tutin 1976;Krief et al. 2005). Only a single report of T. abrassarti exists in wild gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from Gabon (Goussard et al. 1983). It is widely believed that entodiniomorphid ciliates tend to gradually disappear in captive apes due to unsuitable diet and probably also because of anti-parasitic treatment and antibiotic treatments (McClure and Guilloud 1971;Ruch 1959). Transmission between host adults and/or between adults and infants has not been studied. However...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

The Occurrence and Ape‐to‐Ape Transmission of the Entodiniomorphid Ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti in Captive Gorillas

Modrý¹,

Petrželková²,

Pomajbíková³

et al. 2009

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…Plant foods are of critical importance to African tropical foragers, and it is likely that Oldowan hominins relied predominantly on plant foods as well (Lee, 1979;Peters and O'Brien, 1981;Peters, 1987;Rodman, 2002;Schoeninger et al, 2001;Sept, 1986;Stahl, 1984;Vincent, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…USOs have figured prominently in models of hominin dietary evolution (Deacon, 1993;Stahl, 1984;Milton, 1999;O'Connell et al, 1999;Wrangham et al, 1999;Laden & Wrangham, 2005;Dominy et al, 2008;Wrangham et al, 2009;Lee-Thorp et al, 2012) , 2008;Ungar, 2012). USOs, as a collected resource that can be bundled and transported, may also have played a key role in the evolution of central place foraging and provisioning (Isaac, 1978;Wrangham et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Old stones' song: Use-wear experiments and analysis of the Oldowan quartz and quartzite assemblage from Kanjera South (Kenya)

Lemorini

Plummer

Braun

et al. 2014

Journal of Human Evolution

154

100

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Old stones' song: Use-wear experiments and analysis of the Oldowan quartz and quartzite assemblage from Kanjera South (Kenya) http://ljmu-new.eprints-hosting.org/313/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article (s) AbstractEvidence of Oldowan tools by ~2.6 million years ago (Ma) may signal a major adaptive shift in hominin evolution. While tool-dependent butchery of large mammals was important by at least 2.0 Ma, the use of artifacts for tasks other than faunal processing has been difficult to diagnose.Here we report on use-wear analysis of ~2.0 Ma quartz and quartzite artifacts from Kanjera South, Kenya. A use-wear framework that links processing of specific organic materials and tool motions to their resultant use-wear patterns was developed in a suite of experiments. A blind test was then carried out to assess and improve the efficacy of this experimental use-wear framework, which was then applied to the analysis of 62 Oldowan artifacts from Kanjera South.Use-wear on a total of 23 artifact edges was attributed to the processing of specific materials.Use-wear on seven edges (30%) was attributed to animal tissue processing, corroborating zooarchaeological evidence for butchery at the site. Use-wear on sixteen edges (70%) was attributed to the processing of plant tissues, including wood, grit-covered plant tissues that we interpret as underground storage organs (USOs), and stems of grass or sedges. These results expand our knowledge of the suite of behaviors carried out in the vicinity of Kanjera South to include the processing of materials that would be "invisible" using standard archaeological methods. Wood cutting and scraping may represent the production and/or maintenance of wooden tools. Use-wear related to USO processing extends the archaeological evidence for hominin acquisition and consumption of this resource by over 1.5 Ma. Cutting of grasses, sedges or reeds may be related to a subsistence task (e.g., grass seed harvesting, cutting out papyrus culm for consumption) and/or a non-subsistence related task (e.g., production of "twine," simple carrying devices, or bedding). These results highlight the adaptive significance of lithic technology for hominins at Kanjera.

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“…Cooking has been suggested as an important technological advance that enabled plant foods to be accessible to man (Stahl, 1984). The desire and need to preserve food has been a major concern of mankind.…”

Section: Food Processing: Thermal Processing: Nutritional Quality: Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional losses and gains during processing: future problems and issues†

Henry

Heppell

2002

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Developments in food technology and nutrition today are shaping our food supply in an unprecedented way. They have not only helped produce a variety of foods with varying taste and texture but also optimally retain the nutritional quality of food. Increased use of novel ingredients in the future manufacture of foods is likely to reduce the amount of micronutrients available in our diet. To combat this, food fortification may be more widely used. Collaboration between food technologists and nutritionists is imperative if we are to see the continued manufacture of wholesome food.

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Hominid Dietary Selection Before Fire [and Comments and Reply]

Cited by 142 publications

References 50 publications

The Occurrence and Ape‐to‐Ape Transmission of the Entodiniomorphid Ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti in Captive Gorillas

The Occurrence and Ape‐to‐Ape Transmission of the Entodiniomorphid Ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti in Captive Gorillas

Old stones' song: Use-wear experiments and analysis of the Oldowan quartz and quartzite assemblage from Kanjera South (Kenya)

Nutritional losses and gains during processing: future problems and issues†

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