Homochirality, Stochastic Chiral Reactions, Spontaneous Chiral Ordering of Achiral Molecules, and Similar Chiral Effects. Is there a Physical Basis for these Mirror Symmetry Breaking Phenomena?**

Сhiral and Racemic Fields Concept for Understanding of the Homochirality Origin, Asymmetric Catalysis, Chiral Superstructure Formation from Achiral Molecules, and B-Z DNA Conformational Transition

“…Product ee% (18) Favoured and disfavoured routes of the reaction pathway are equally likely (low enantioselectivity) in the caseof the reaction (19) on Cu(OAc) 2 /37 (38,39). Therefore, this mechanism is in agreement with the experiment.…”

“…The image below gives a view of the chiral gravitational environment that is probably strictly individual for Earth (The Earth-Moon (ratio of masses 81/1) is a double planet system unlike other planets and satellites of the Solar system, for example, Jupiter-Europe (4·10 4 /1), Mars-Phobos (6·10 7 /1), and so on). A hypothesis about the formal similarity and possible effect of the Earth's right-handed (spin) rotation near the Moon, alongside with the right-handed Earth's orbital motion around moving Sun and right-handed helix symmetry of biomacromolecules, was published earlier [3,29,39,51]. Perhaps, all spiral movments shown in Figure 2 should be considered as a manifestation of the unified structure of the gravitational field of our Galaxy.…”

“…While evolving this idea, we [39] considered a possibility of chiral effects of various physical phenomena on chemical reactions (electric field [41], electric field (propeller effect) [42], a combination of electric and magnetic fields [4,43], magnetic field [4,39,44], circularly polarized light [45], plasma torch of meteorite impact [46,47], solar irradiation [48,49], parity violation energy difference [29], and similar effects [39]). Gravity is among such physical phenomena as asymmetric factors [39]. Basing on Barron's concept [50] of true and false chirality, we can assume that the mutual gravitational influence of a space object and its satellites is a chiral factor.…”

“…A similar situation is observed in asymmetric reactions over chiral organocatalysts. A typical example of such reactions is two-component reactions such as aldol reactions of acetone with α-ketoesters, reactions of cyclohexanone derivatives and β-nitrostyrenes (Michael reactions), nitroaldol (Henry) reactions [39,[142][143][144][145][146][147][148], etc. Two plausible transition states TS-R and TS-S ( Figure 13 Figure 14 shows two possible favoured and two disfavoured intermediates which are different from the viewpoint of an approach of the reagents to C2 33 (a front or rear approach).…”

“…Since all natural processes occur in the open system, in previous work [39], we attemted to assess the external chiral effect on the homochirality origin on the early Earth. A possible influence of an external asymmetric inductor was analyzed for metastable (stochastic and spontaneous) reactions [39]. In this review, we continue the search for traces of the external chiral inductor, such as the chiral gravitational field, in the most studied reactions with mirror symmetry breaking.…”