Intro
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction. HHcy induces MMP‐9 activity, myostatin release, systemic inflammation and may increase M1 macrophages. Previous reports suggest that exercise reduces HHcy and myostatin levels, however the effects of exercise on macrophages and myostatin during HHcy are unclear. We hypothesize that exercise decreases HHcy induced inflammation and muscular dysfunction by decreasing MMP‐9, myostatin and M1 macrophages.
Methods
C57 WT, FVB, MMP‐9‐/‐, CBS‐/+ (HHcy), and CBS‐/+/MMP‐9‐/‐ (Double KO) mice were administered 4 weeks of treadmill running, swimming, or no exercise for controls. Ultrasonography and laser Doppler were used to measure wall to lumen ratio, blood flow and perfusion rate of the femoral artery. Western Blotting, IHC, Histology and PCR were used to analyze mouse tissue samples.
Results
Blood flow rates in control CBS‐/+ mice were approximately 23.9% lower than in control C57 WT mice. This rate was increased by 1.89 fold with exercise. Wall to Lumen ratio was approximately 4.14 fold higher in the CBS‐/+ control mice compared with WT, but became similar to WT after exercise. Laser Perfusion imaging demonstrated a 12.5% lower femoral artery red blood cell flux in CBS‐/+ mice when compared with WT, but was increased by 1.35 fold after exercise. Collagen staining reveals higher collagen deposition in the gastrocnemius of CBS‐/+ mice compared with WT, but was completely reversed with exercise.
Conclusions
We conclude that Exercise Mitigates HHcy Induced Vascular Dysfunction and Adverse Skeletal Muscle Remodeling.