Homocysteine in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic literature review

Abstract

Objectives Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening infectious disorder characterized by a sustained prothrombotic state. Since homocysteine is a potential biomarker of thrombotic diseases, the aim of this article is to provide an updated overview on the possible role played by hyperhomocysteinemia in influencing an unfavorable COVID-19 progression. Methods We carried out an electronic search in Medline (PubMed interface) using the keywords (“COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2”) AND “homocysteine”, between 2019 and the present time, with no language restrictions, to identify all articles which explored the concentration of homocysteine in COVID-19 patients with or without unfavorable disease progression. Results Three studies, totaling 694 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, were included in our systematic review. Overall, the differences between the mean homocysteine values in non-severe vs. severe COVID-19 patients were always positive (i.e., 15.1%, 24.1% and 22.8%, generating a positive weight mean difference of 1.75 μmol/L (95%CI, 1.26–2.25 μmol/L; p=0.011), which translates into a cumulative difference of approximately ∼1.2 μmol/L. Conclusions Despite the limited evidence that has been garnered so far, increased homocysteine ​​levels may be a potentially useful marker for predicting the risk of unfavorable progression in patients with COVID-19.

COVID19 biomarkers: What did we learn from systematic reviews?

“…A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that calprotectin levels were significantly elevated in COVID19 patients who develop severe disease, suggesting its prognostic importance ( Udeh et al., 2021 ). Increased homocysteine ​​levels were also recently suggested as a potential biomarker for predicting the risk of progression to serious COVID19 ( Carpene et al., 2022 ). Presepsin was recently introduced as a potential new diagnostic biomarker for sepsis, with a high sensitivity and specificity ( Zou et al., 2014 ).…”

Homocysteine level in obese people with corona virus patients in Iraq

“…(Huang et al 2020) Homocysteine It is one of the alpha-amino acids, which contains sulfur in its composition, and it is not included in the formation of proteins, as it is an intermediate product as a result of the transformation of methionine (Met) into homocysteine (Hou and Zhao 2021) The accumulation of homocysteine in the blood is a serious matter and pathological indication, Homocysteine is converted to methionine by methylation reactions, or it can be converted to cystathionine and then to cytosine by transferring the sulfur group, This reaction requires vitamin B12, folic acid, and the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). (Raghubeer and Matsha 2021) Homocysteine appears as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke Periodically (Chrysant and Chrysant 2018) Studies show that those with severe infection with Covid-19 had high levels of homocysteine in the blood (Carpenè et al 2022) High levels of Hcy in the blood plasma (>15 μmol/L) is a medical condition Systemic hyperhomocysteinemia (Smith and Refsum 2021) Hypohomocysteinemia (less than 6 μmol/L) occurs in 1-5.0% of Similar to the population, Hcy is also considered an abnormally low concentration of Hcy as a factor Risk to Health Despite the high prevalence of Hcy in dialysis patients A decrease in the blood plasma concentration of Hcy in this patient group is linked to higher hospitalization and mortality rates in terms of maintaining kidneys. (Koklesova et al 2021) Disturbances in the folate-dependent remethylation of Hcy to Met are linked to high Hcy.…”

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 6 ¦ 2022 1439 The level of Thyroid hormones and vitamin C for corona virus patients in Iraq

“…Homocysteine It is one of the alpha-amino acids, which contains sulfur in its composition, and it is not included in the formation of proteins, as it is an intermediate product as a result of the transformation of methionine (Met) into homocysteine (Hou and Zhao 2021) The accumulation of homocysteine in the blood is a serious matter and pathological indication, Homocysteine is converted to methionine by methylation reactions, or it can be converted to cystathionine and then to cytosine by transferring the sulfur group, This reaction requires vitamin B12, folic acid, and the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). (Raghubeer and Matsha 2021) Homocysteine appears as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke Periodically (Chrysant and Chrysant 2018) Studies show that those with severe infection with Covid-19 had high levels of homocysteine in the blood (Carpenè et al 2022) High levels of Hcy in the blood plasma (>15 μmol/L) is a medical condition Systemic hyperhomocysteinemia (Smith and Refsum 2021) Hypohomocysteinemia (less than 6 μmol/L) occurs in 1-5.0% of Similar to the population, Hcy is also considered an abnormally low concentration of Hcy as a factor Risk to Health Despite the high prevalence of Hcy in dialysis patients A decrease in the blood plasma concentration of Hcy in this patient group is linked to higher hospitalization and mortality rates in terms of maintaining kidneys. (Koklesova et al 2021).…”