Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis Impact on Pyrolyzed Cellulose to Produce Bio-Oil

Abstract

Effectively utilizing catalytic pyrolysis to upgrade bio-oil products prepared from biomass has many potential benefits for the environment. In this paper, cellulose (a major component of plants and a biomass model compound) is pyrolyzed and catalyzed with different catalysts: Ni 2 Fe 3 , ZSM-5, and Ni 2 Fe 3 /ZSM-5. Two different pyrolysis processes are investigated to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis influence on the products. The results indicate that the Ni 2 Fe 3 cluster catalyst shows the best activity as a homogeneous catalysis. It can also be recycled repeatedly, increases the yield of bio-oil, and improves the quality of the bio-oil by decreasing the sugar concentration. Furthermore, it also catalyzes the formation of a small amount of hydrocarbon compounds. In the case of Ni 2 Fe 3 /ZSM-5 catalyst, it shows a lower yield of bio-oil but also decreases the sugar concentration significantly. Ni 2 Fe 3 , not only can it be used as homogeneous catalysis mixed with cellulose but also shows catalytic activity as a supported catalyst on ZSM-5, with higher catalytic activity than ZSM-5. These results indicate that the Ni 2 Fe 3 catalyst has significant activity for potential use in industry to produce high quality bio-oil from biomass.

Reusability of Ni2Fe3 Metal Catalyst for Upgrading Pyrolyzed Bio-Oil from Cellulose

“…The cellulose decomposed into sugar first, and then the sugar decomposed further into acid, furan, and ketone compounds. The same mechanism has been proposed in our previous study (Li, Cheng et al 2020). We believe this reaction sequence can help explain the composition of the pyrolyzed bio-oil and catalyst interaction.…”

Recyclabl Metal (Ni, Fe) Cluster Designed Catalyst for Cellulose Pyrolysis to Upgrade Bio-Oil

“…All catalysts used here improved the yield of bio-oil, which is an important property, because other catalysts typically decrease the bio-oil yield, like ZSM-5, ZrO 2 and TiO 2 , and Silica [34][35][36]. The cellulose directly mixed with ZSM-5 catalyst showed the yield decreased from 39.2% to 31.2% [37], and the Ce-Al-MCM-41 catalyst [38] decreased the bio-oil yield from 58.6% to 40.8% for in-situ pyrolysis experiment. The reason for the bio-oil yield increase is attributed to differences in specific heat capacity and heat conductivity coefficient.…”

“…That is why it showed the best property for increasing bio-oil yield. The detailed explanation has been reported in the study of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis for cellulose [37]; the Ni 2 Fe 3 catalyst catalyzes the cellulose conversion to bio-oil. After comparing the property of NiFe, Ni 2 Fe, and NiFe 2 catalysts, the data shows that regardless of Ni or Fe atomic ration, i.e., the yield increases for both, and the Ni containing clusters has a higher yield than the Fe compounds.…”

“…The precursors were Ni(NO 3 ) 2 •6H 2 O, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 •9H 2 O, citric acid, and ethylene glycol, which were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Chuo-Ku, Osaka, Japan). The specific process has been discussed in our group another work [37].…”

Conversion of Cellulose From Palm Oil Middle Waste (Elaeis Guineensis) Into Bio-Oil Products As Alternative Fuel

“…As the carrier, natural zeolite is chosen, which is quite abundant in Indonesia. The use of a combination of Ni and Fe as a catalyst because this metal has good catalytic activity and the price is relatively cheap when compared to precious metals [9]. Therefore, in this research, the pyrolysis of cellulose from palm frond waste into bio-oil products will be carried out, together with the HDO process using a NiFe/ZA catalyst with hydrogen gas flow.…”