Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyzed Esterification of Acrylic Acid with Ethanol: Reaction Kinetics and Modeling

Abstract

Kinetics of esterification of acrylic acid with ethanol in the presence of homogeneous (H2SO4, HCl, p‐TSA, HI) catalysts as well as heterogeneous catalysts (Dowex 50WX, Amberlyst 15) was studied. The effects and performance of these catalysts on the conversion of acrylic acid were evaluated. In the kinetics of homogeneous catalyzed reaction, both concentration and activity‐based model were employed. Activity coefficients were predicted by the Universal Functional group Contribution (UNIFAC) method to consider nonideal behavior of the liquid phase. The heterogeneous catalyzed reaction mechanisms were developed using Eley–Rideal theory. The model results were compared with the experimental results and were in good agreement. The temperature dependency of the constants, reaction enthalpy, and entropy, and activation energy were determined. The conversion of acrylic acid was obtained as 63.2%, 61.02%, 53.3%, 21.4%, 34.96%, and 14.84% for H2SO4, p‐TSA, HCl, HI, Dowex 50WX, and Amberlyst 15, respectively, under process temperature of 70°C, reactant molar ratio of 1:1, and catalyst concentration of 2% (v/v) for homogeneous and 2.17 g for heterogeneous catalyst. These outcomes provide an approach to understand the significant effect of each catalyst on the esterification kinetics of acrylic acid and ethanol.

The kinetics and mechanism of polymer‐based NHC‐Pd‐pyridine catalyzed heterogeneous Suzuki reaction in aqueous media

“…The Arrhenius equation can be linearized as follows: where A is a frequency factor, E a is activation energy for the reaction (J/mol), R is the universal gas constant (J/(mol⋅K)), and T is the temperature in kelvins (K) . Activation energy can be calculated graphically by plotting ln( k ) as a function of 1/ T according to Equation .…”

“…where A is a frequency factor, E a is activation energy for the reaction (J/mol), R is the universal gas constant (J/(mol⋅K)), and T is the temperature in kelvins (K). 46,47 Activation energy can be calculated graphically by plotting ln(k) as a function of 1/T according to Equation (8). The graph of the ln(k 3 ) versus 1/T is shown in Figure 12.…”

Multilevel optimisation of anaerobic ethyl acetate production in engineered Escherichia coli

“…Currently, ethyl acetate is produced from petrochemicals in energy intensive and unsustainable processes. Traditional Fischer Speier esterification makes use of equilibrium reactions and energy used for elevated temperatures and continuous water removal are adding to the costs (Fischer and Speier, 1895;Liu, Lotero and Goodwin, 2006;Jyoti et al, 2018). A sustainable alternative is the use of biobased processes in which yeasts produce ethyl acetate from sugars or ethanol at high yields (Armstrong, Martin and Yamazaki, 1984;Fredlund et al, 2004;Löser et al, 2012).…”

Multilevel optimisation of anaerobic ethyl acetate production in engineered Escherichia coli

“…Currently, ethyl acetate is produced from petrochemicals in energy intensive and unsustainable processes. Traditional Fischer Speier esterification makes use of equilibrium reactions and energy used for elevated temperatures and continuous water removal is adding to the costs [10,24,16]. A sustainable alternative is the use of biobased processes in which yeasts produce ethyl acetate from sugars or ethanol at high yields [1,11,26].…”