Homogeneous balls in a spontaneously broken U(1) gauge theory

Abstract

We study the coupled system consisting of a complex matter scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneously symmetry breaking. We show by numerical calculations that there are spherically symmetric nontopological soliton solutions. Homogeneous balls solutions, all fields take constant values inside the ball and in the vacuum state outside, appear in this system. It is shown that the homogeneous balls have the following properties: charge density of the matter scalar field is screened by counter charge cloud of the Higgs and gauge field everywhere; an arbitrary large size is allowed; energy density and pressure of the ball behave homogeneous nonrelativistic gas; a large ball is stable against dispersion into free particles and against decay into two smaller balls. * Electronic address: ishihara@sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp † Electronic address: taogawa@sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp arXiv:1901.08799v1 [hep-th]

Nontopological solitons in Abelian gauge theories coupled to U(1)×U(1) symmetric scalar fields

“…Following Refs. [18][19][20], we shall consider an Abelian Higgs model containing two charged, complex scalar fields with an action given by…”

“…It is convenient to gauge transform (7) to a simpler form where one of the scalars is time independent, leading to the ansatz also employed in Refs. [19,20]:…”

“…In Refs. [19,20], this observation has been tested on Q-balls in an Abelian Higgs model coupled to another charged, massive scalar field whose mass is provided by the Higgs mechanism. We note that coupling the scalars this way is analogous to the much studied Higgs portal models [21,22] where a scalar dark sector is coupled exclusively to the Higgs fields of the Standard Model of particle physics.…”

“…In the present paper, we extend the results of Refs. [19,20] to the case of the most general Uð1Þ × Uð1Þ symmetric scalar sector with quartic self-interaction potentials. We show that the remarkably precise numerically observed cancellation of the charge contribution between the two charged scalar fields pointed out in Refs.…”

“…We show that the remarkably precise numerically observed cancellation of the charge contribution between the two charged scalar fields pointed out in Refs. [19,20] follows from Gauss's theorem. It can therefore serve as an excellent test for the correctness of the numerical computations.…”