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Immunoassay is a powerful technique that uses highly specific antigen‐antibody interactions to detect biochemical targets such as proteins and toxins. As a diagnostic tool, immunoassay is employed in the screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of diseases, which are crucial for the grasp and control of patient conditions in clinical practice. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, immunoassays based on nanoprobes have attracted more and more attention due to the advantages of high sensitivity, specificity, stability, and versatility. These nanoprobes are nanoscale particles that can act as signal carriers or targeting agents for immunoassays. In this paper, we review the recent advances in various types of nanoprobes for immunoassays, such as colloidal gold, quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, nanozymes, aggregation‐induced emission, and up‐conversion nanoparticles. The effect of the nanoprobe construction and synthesis methods on their detection performance deserves to be studied in depth. We also compare their detection ranges and limits in different immunoassay methods, such as lateral flow immunoassays, fluorescent immunoassays, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering immunoassays. Moreover, we discuss the benefits and challenges of nanoprobes in immunoassays and provide insights into their future development. This study aims to offer a comprehensive and critical perspective on the role of nanoprobes in the field of immunoassays.
Immunoassay is a powerful technique that uses highly specific antigen‐antibody interactions to detect biochemical targets such as proteins and toxins. As a diagnostic tool, immunoassay is employed in the screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of diseases, which are crucial for the grasp and control of patient conditions in clinical practice. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, immunoassays based on nanoprobes have attracted more and more attention due to the advantages of high sensitivity, specificity, stability, and versatility. These nanoprobes are nanoscale particles that can act as signal carriers or targeting agents for immunoassays. In this paper, we review the recent advances in various types of nanoprobes for immunoassays, such as colloidal gold, quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, nanozymes, aggregation‐induced emission, and up‐conversion nanoparticles. The effect of the nanoprobe construction and synthesis methods on their detection performance deserves to be studied in depth. We also compare their detection ranges and limits in different immunoassay methods, such as lateral flow immunoassays, fluorescent immunoassays, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering immunoassays. Moreover, we discuss the benefits and challenges of nanoprobes in immunoassays and provide insights into their future development. This study aims to offer a comprehensive and critical perspective on the role of nanoprobes in the field of immunoassays.
Rare earth‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have achieved a wide range of applications in the sensing field due to their unique anti‐Stokes luminescence property, minimized background interference, excellent biocompatibility, and stable physicochemical properties. However, UCNPs‐based sensing platforms still face several challenges, including inherent limitations from UCNPs such as low quantum yields and narrow absorption cross–sections, as well as constraints related to energy transfer efficiencies in sensing systems. Therefore, the construction of high‐performance UCNPs‐based sensing platforms is an important cornerstone for conducting relevant research. This work begins by providing a brief overview of the upconversion luminescence mechanism in UCNPs. Subsequently, it offers a comprehensive summary of the sensors’ types, design principles, and optimized design strategies for UCNPs sensing platforms. More cost‐effective and promising point‐of‐care testing applications implemented based on UCNPs sensing systems are also summarized. Finally, this work addresses the future challenges and prospects for UCNPs‐based sensing platforms.
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