Homologous muscle acellular matrix seeded with autologous myoblasts as a tissue-engineering approach to abdominal wall-defect repair

Tissue Engineering for Tissue and Organ Regeneration

“…Moreover, cultured myoblasts are endowed with a high proliferation rate, so that only three weeks is needed to reach the optimal cell number for graft implantation. Hence, this myoblast isolation technique appears to give a better result than those previously used to isolate satellite cells by Lai et al (2003), Marzaro et al (2002) and Van Wachem et al (1999), but it appears to give a similar results reported by Conconi et al (2005). Moreover the culture technique that has been used allows the preferential growth of myoblasts over fibroblasts, and the yield of myogenic cells from the initial primary culture is very high and hence the percentage of myogenic cells increases with time in culture.…”

Immunomodulatory effect of a decellularized skeletal muscle scaffold in a discordant xenotransplantation model

“…Moreover, decellularized muscle seeded with autologous myogenic cells can be used to functionally repair abdominal defects (22)(23), and growth factors may further promote vascularization and, therefore, longterm functional results (21,24). This study significantly adds to our previous data by demonstrating how the implanted scaffolds can modulate the immune response in several ways, thereby inhibiting rejection in a xenotransplantation model and preventing the rejection of donor-derived xenogeneic cells for up to 4 wk in vivo.…”

“…They are CCR7 + CD86 + and are inducer and effector cells in TH1-type inflammatory and rejection responses as observed when the fresh tissue was implanted. M2-activated macrophages, however, express an IL-12 low , IL-23 low , and IL-10 high phenotype and are able to facilitate tissue repair, constructive remodelling through ECM construction, and angiogenesis, which could partially be responsible for the regeneration observed when decellularized muscles are implanted (22,23,27). M2 macrophages are CD163 + Arg I + and predominantly induce a classical TH2 response that is anti-inflammatory and is hypothesized to be particularly beneficial for constructive tissue remodelling and skeletal muscle regeneration (41,42).…”

“…The field continues to expand and tissue bioengineering has provided, or is close to delivering, functional human organ replacements elsewhere (6,7,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). The ability to produce innervated and revascularized muscles would hugely extend the possible applications of regenerative medicine (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26).…”

Decellularization of Human Lip

“…Decellularized muscle seeded with myoblasts has been shown to be capable of generating a contractile force on electrical stimulation [17]. However decellularization of muscle has so far been limited to very small muscles or fragments of muscle and in vivo successes are limited to small animal models [18][19][20][21][22].…”