“…Aa a result, multitudinous exquisite morphological engineering toward highly hierarchical structures have been under study, to fulfil the Sn stress relaxation during the lithiation process. For instance, the marked boosts of long-cycle stability have come true by exploiting the sub-10-nm-sized Sn/SnO 2 -based nanoparticles encapsulated inside the nitrogen/phosphorus co-doped hierarchically porous carbon and reduced graphene oxides [14], a mesoporous carbon@SnO 2 @ carbon hollow nanosphere with dual shells [33], the Sn-SnO 2 hybrid nanoclusters embedded inside carbon nanotubes [34], the heterostructured SnS-ZnS@C hollow nanoboxes embedded in the graphene [35], the carbon-coated SnO 2 -CoO yolk-shell microspheres [36], the double shell micro-cube assembled by nanosized Co 3 Sn 2 /SnO 2 heterostructures with amorphous carbon layers wrapped inside the three-dimensional graphene matrix [37], a mixture of porous hollow SnO 2 nanocube and graphene aerogel [38], the novel honeycomb-like composite composing of the carbon encapsulated SnO 2 nanospheres embedded in the carbon film [39], the sandwich-like C@SnO 2 /Sn/void@C hollow spheres [40], the carambola-shaped SnO 2 wrapped within the carbon nanotube network [41], the core-shell structured Cu 6 Sn 5 @SnO 2 -C nanocomposites [42], the chestnut-like SnO 2 /SnO 2 /C nanocomposites with the hierarchical structures [43], and the ultrafine SnO 2 aggregates in interior of porous carbon nanotubes [44]. Disappointingly, the realistic usage of such examples has been hampered by the small tap density [26,27] of the hierarchical layouts, as a consequence of the existence of empty room/volume and other topological problems.…”