Hong Kong in 2019

Abstract

The anti-extradition movement in Hong Kong began in June 2019 and has evolved since July into protests against police power and the mainlandization of the territory. Although Beijing supports Chief Executive Carrie Lam and the police, the movement persists amid demands for the creation of an independent commission of inquiry into police actions.

The Effects of Large-Scale Social Movements on Language Attitudes: Cantonese and Mandarin in Hong Kong

“…This triggered massive protests. Public opposition grew when the Chief Executive refused to withdraw the Bill and the Police Chief characterized the protests as riots (Ku, 2020), and the protests evolved into a large-scale citizen movement against police brutality and authoritarianism (Lo, 2020). However, in 2020, the movement ended abruptly, due to the COVID-19 outbreak and the passing of the National Security Law.…”

“…Importantly, language attitudes are determined by social convention (Edwards, 1982) and often reflect the stereotypical views of ethnolinguistic groups (Preston, 2013). A large body of research has documented systematic differences in the evaluation of speakers of different language varieties, such as regional and national accents (e.g., Ladegaard, 1998), dialects (e.g., Luhman, 1990), and languages (e.g., Lai, 2007).…”

“…They are codified (e.g., in language books and the media) as the correct way to speak, are further supported by laypeople's perceptions that they possess qualities of “correctness” and formality (Smakman, 2012), enjoying a high level of social prestige (Grondelaers et al, 2011). In contrast, non-standard accents deviate from institutionally imposed norms (Dragojevic, 2018) and are often considered less “proper” and “correct” (Luhman, 1990). Thus, speakers with non-standard accents are not only evaluated less favorably on the dimensions of status than speakers with standard accents, including evaluations of intellectual ability, socio-economic standing, but also on the dimension of solidarity , including sociability and integrity (Fuertes et al, 2012).…”

Ordinary citizens and political crises: The Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Movement (2019-2020)

“…In the summer of 2019, the violent clashes between protestors and police and the massive repression produced a critical juncture where many citizens were urged to act using whatever resources they were at their disposal. The initial focus of the protesters on the bill shifted quickly to police brutality, and later the movement became an anti-authoritarian and "anti-mainlandization uprising" (Lo, 2020;Lo et al, 2021). In early 2020, the protests decreased drastically because of the covid 19 pandemic social distance measures and on 30 June, the central government adopted the Law on Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong, which created new criminal offences such as rebellion or secession and allowed Chinese officials to work in the autonomous region for the first time (Serrano-Moreno, 2022).…”

La aceleración de la integración jurídica y política de Hong Kong en la República Popular China

“…Tras estas movilizaciones, una nueva generación de actores políticos no pudo acceder a las instituciones debido a la creación por el gobierno central en 2016 de un filtro ideológico de candidatos a las elecciones favorables a la independencia o la autodeterminación, cuestionando así el pluralismo político que caracterizada la sociedad hongkonesa (HUNG;IP, 2012). Más tarde, en 2019, las protestas contra al proyecto de enmienda legislativa para crear un sistema de extradición de presos a China continental provocaron, primero, la parálisis de las instituciones hongkonesas (CHAN, C., 2019;LO, 2020) y, segundo, la adopción de la ley de seguridad nacional por el gobierno central profundizando la paulatina reducción de libertades en la región (CHAN, J., 2018).…”